1 25 2 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/0f5f3baf0c6dbba5c76ad707a58a2339.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=qs5rtp-po17hpokf7Cr1qO6Y3%7En8KiPg-f7HEj5O6JatWawYn74GnWujXLvlOabZpdYA%7Epp4Scj0z97PzzQYzgFdxh-XrFSm%7E3YW9Mz3tNinpVpa650S87NEb4Cd74gdmimrp5b-tMGc%7EodjVhVg5m8Brkdq8xzmsUSfxm0a-cuXWqZXVbiREM-Qr0-8gWAHckCigq-ZRotmKW3z%7EJssjHHxrJApYcJzDhl9UWr6ncvawNt1uKoltA4MwuzxTBGZj1DTZrcbJYznwllcrCeTj3uWM3OQu1qFITqIcVUFo2k8p8CmdhKETfApUhYEfHTq%7Ef67NeFo6WifYU2MmG7WAA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM dfe13306d4b37d2a564f729860fe0ab6 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/fa7448ae79a2c961cced28d0abd45782.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=vugdkpqwfb2RpssocdX2stiHGAuv8wA9y4TOBlKvKO4XIMnA5qXB3wu%7E3ycINYV5bn2d%7E3a0HI0OpV3CHwXOUwRqg%7EBknhoqsChNdqc1lCxSha2f8VGHDuOHxFBlOKe30LW2fpFXsh5sp3hx3ML8QNyd7PZRGwfXjJMj8t6PmcBYBvjWSL3%7E5jRBC85Sp9IVcurPAlllgxpZdXoMo93bQ90PFO77rBKAgKllr-Z63iodtiZw9xbyr9BBH8Y%7EbUADs4LhlIFlUo5H%7EeTavWiRcm4yzGrw2TgGHM-buBAq642MHIqby1Hv1BwY7-bi2Pf042ADg06qM8kD32b%7EWZQDJA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fcbf37c6971a7def464bf56104ad5674 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Il lavoro attraente [Attractive Work]. Ginevra: Carlo Frigerio, Ed., 1938. Description An account of the resource This is an edited version of an essay which had appeared first in the U.S., in the Italian-American anarchist paper L'Adunata dei Refrattari, edited by "Max Sartin" (Raffaele Schiavina) after he secretly returned to the U.S. following his deportation in 1919, along with that of Luigi Galleani and others. The American publication was part of the Biblioteca di Coltura Libertaria; No. 1, Gennaio-Febbraio 1938. The reprint in Geneva of an essay originally published in the U.S. is another example of the international nature of the anarchist and socialist movements. Besides Switzerland and the U.S., Berneri was widely published in France and Italy. Berneri, an Italian professor of philosophy, and along with Errico Malatesta, Armando Borghi, a leading writer for Umanità Nova, was an anarchist theorist and propagandist who organized anti-fascist brigadiers in Spain, q.v. Berneri in Ispagna in the collection. He was assassinated by Stalinists while in Barcelona in 1937. Unlike the case with Borghi, Galleani or Malatesta, despite his writing for American Italian publications, there is no evidence of Berneri ever setting foot in the U.S. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Camillo Berneri Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Il lavoro attraente [Attractive Work]. Geneva: Carlo Frigerio, Ed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 20 x 13.5cm; 35 p. Language A language of the resource Italian 1931-1940 anarchist anti-fascist Camillo Berneri L'Adunata dei Refrattari https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/9f1a25e31e83cebd7dd4ac9f1d7f66aa.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=E05Y9TrL-r-LVtR6YodGpv5r0r%7EJZj4QriihWhljkZkV7qx6XZobNWwShe--OBFP40eRV29w6pnineeWAbb4YhDxEomiLiDFXEVkaD5onaQ5kAC5zqJctSGDzOFewIFd9EkuwQkJ6Eoq7vJyRVZ5-U38pk7ezWW5oNo3qDwfpvcIPyWV5YV6X43K40LuWkZe8YXTPfyrZxXaLyn642FRVz1WgeX9QtCTXMkAXPRP4dP-99sYLgA6vxVonU8T91Etrg-b2bsihgwHsagMtr%7EwsyW15FTrMfHWxkWK7oxPweAWeMiCGdBiILINy6WPgf9I-9WyQW820OCT5VrdnYL-Vw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3062f767eea84789205f852c135a3639 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/662ce6f62810ec5782bfd6fb6a145528.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=KFrYXwdsINMJdKrjUuSbt%7EpbZhgZO5W9s9BSVNcuUlCYB8jQmkboHxw8yiVnRF1pLTqP%7Evj3R8m6ltIDCnn7%7Ea4-99zuVKCgjs6vrD0SxoS6BtnfEYBByd5%7EB%7EkDZO1DcPu3Vvb0TjyHgmsaeYLl8%7E5KdMcxeygQD5NxRTSPeLKeRoUD6Dmms5Pg6NC%7ERVatGvpsdxp9NvIHbCqVYkWzKh3oxmNb2Do4IjppLnLpE3ykEsMKnjZyqgKy-v14f1sgKnu5FEyFBADmgWCoBIzZSigFUP-%7EUjUmmQQCUaGDHiYDgPOV0ix2zCzfdmzRDwd5Dj%7ErsLHLiOTBrdZUtgA5VQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8b2dd0a267e01cce9cd0a5460af7ad2b https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/e3a6fffe09779e5371b1923a4bcd1418.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=WfjI1JAVKmvZzif-df5EoKaw7v3oHkcOdVPE-u1XTWNu6srPIXXqxOqTFSpH6FpKWDwHwWswyDBOt7jWQq54Qitto2bKKVQ7swx6lbtFZiabCLq8by72nvSDPqjiDZuwocGNdR7ebpkBbd5oolaJNotSQ2EDKAST%7EeepG3lkPobCtSP1g1pE0jXwhmeMXDLs2d7oqJEjdBYptfGNA9cBDUIaK8SM81-UbZmmoKX3y41qihkm6fG5jNOs0aH06rwIYcQVoXAhNWYozeUz80TqP1DG-ZY-y%7EZOzaMqzhgzXSYME2GkpXp5w9xvCLwOrxN2RHBju368BjV3hY-1uazqSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0f7b7037158b9ad527225a521edc167f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Political subversives I: The bibliographic travels of Luigi Galleani and Armando Borghi Subject The topic of the resource Consistent with their travels to speak with their "disciples" and the international nature of anarchism, these two leaders, Galleani and Borghi, also published in a wide variety of places in the U.S., Italy and elsewhere. Doing so was often a function of evading crackdowns on subversives by U.S. postal authorities, or in Borghi's case, avoiding being imprisoned and possibly killed in Italy during the Mussolini years, when publishers, printers and authors all lived in fear. Description An account of the resource Luigi Galleani Galleani was one of the anarchist movement’s most eloquent writers and spellbinding orators, heir to the great Errico Malatesta in Italy and elsewhere, a political agitator and charismatic anarchist leader, and a prolific political publisher. Mentor to Sacco and Vanzetti, the peripatetic Galleani was born in Italy, and lived in various venues in the U.S. from 1901 until he was deported back to Italy in 1919. He first settled in Paterson, New Jersey in 1901 to be the editor of the then-most important anarchist journal, La Questione Sociale. Then, after starting the newspaper Cronaca Sovversiva [Subversive Chronicle] in 1903, he moved to Lynn, Mass. (see his Madri d’Italia, under the pseudonym Mentana), until the postmaster in Lynn refused to mail Cronaca Sovversiva and his books, at which time he repaired to Barre, Vermont (see his Verso il comunismo, among other examples of publications from that venue). He was prosecuted for violating anti-leftist laws, especially the 1918 Anarchist Exclusion Act. This act, which permitted the government to shut down publication of the Cronaca Sovversiva in that year (and deport Galleani and other editors of the newspaper subsequently), had been passed by Congress largely in response to the bombings that Galleani incited his followers to undertake (see his Faccia a faccia col nemico) through his publications as well as his personal direction: he even published a manual on how to make bombs (“La salute è in voi!” [Your salvation is up to you!]). Galleani’s deportation in 1919 arose as much from his newspaper and pamphlet publications that were themselves regarded by the authorities as incitements to violence, as it did from his actual and attempted bombings. He and his followers of the individualist school of anarchism were wary of not only electoral politics but also of syndicalism, i.e., the use of trade unions to bring industry and government under the control by direct action, such as strikes and sabotage, the preferred methods of Carlo Tresca, among others. Because of these doctrinal differences, as well as Tresca’s immense personal charm and popularity, Galleani’s followers were even more determined to destroy the reputation and thus the effectiveness of Tresca, despite the anti-fascist views they shared in the 1920s and 1930s. Like his unlikely ally Armando Borghi, Galleani was internationally well known, so that even his deportation from the U.S. hardly put a stop to his influence. L’Adunata dei Refrattari (The Gathering of the Recalcitrants) became the successor newspaper to La Cronaca Sovversiva after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, begun and run by his followers in the U.S. after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, and edited by Raffaele Schiavina. Its publishing arm released many full-length works (typically, collections of shorter pieces) like those exhibited here, as well as pamphlets, sometimes without Galleani’s authorization, due to his being unreachable in exile on the island of Lipari. L’Adunata also published Galleani in Europe, e.g., in Rome as late as 1947, often using the same printer’s mark (a mermaid-like torchbearer) he used in the earliest of his works. The international character of the movement had long been clear: in one work, readers of an Italian-language edition of Organizzazione e anarchia, published in Paris (by L. Chauvet) sometime after 1925, are urged in a message in the inside rear cover to buy a copy of Galleani’s La fine dell’anarchismo?, published in the United States (Newark) in 1925. Armando Borghi Armando Borghi’s unflattering biography of Mussolini (Mussolini in camicia) was too dangerous to be released in Italy: after Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922, publishing a work criticizing Mussolini soon became impossible. Simply for speaking in the Italian Parliament in June 1924 against fraud (and violence) employed by Mussolini in the recent election, United Socialist Party chief Giacomo Matteotti was within days thereafter murdered by the fascists, a politically explosive development that became a rallying cry of anti-fascists for many years. In 1925, measures that gave the government powers to gag the press were passed. Emergency laws in 1926 suppressed every political party and every newspaper other than those of the fascists. It was in that context that anarcho-syndicalist Borghi arrived in the U.S. in or about November 1926, where he was joined by his lover, Virgilia D’Andrea (see her works in the collection). Shortly thereafter, in 1927 he published Mussolini in camicia in Italian in the only safe place to do so at the time, New York. This work became internationally popular, was translated into French and published in Paris (1932), in Amsterdam in Dutch (1933) - the collection has recently (in 2021) acquired a Dutch copy - , and then translated into English from the French edition, not the Italian original, and published in London (1935). Mussolini in camicia was again published to America, but in English, in 1938 using the same British translation, and was not published in Italy until 1947, not long after the war’s end and Mussolini’s execution. In Italy, Borghi ranked second only to the legendary Errico Malatesta as its most important anarchist, so that when he arrived in the U.S., Borghi expected to be the foremost Italian anarchist there (Galleani having been deported some years before). However, Carlo Tresca, director of Il Martello, who as a fellow “organization” anarchist might otherwise have been his natural ally, was in the way, and Borghi surprisingly thus aligned himself with the anti-organizational anarchist Galleanisti and their L’Adunata dei Refrattari, a move that he eventually came to regret. Like the Galleanisti, Borghi attacked Tresca not only on ideological grounds but also on personal ones. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contro gli intrighi massonici nel campo rivoluzionario [Against Massonic Plots in the Revolutionary Battlefield]. Newark: I gruppi anarchici del antracite, 1939. Description An account of the resource This is a collection of essays by Camillo Berneri and Armando Borghi. Berneri was an Italian professor of philosophy, anarchist militant, propagandist and theorist. Along with Carlo Rosselli and Mario Angeloni, he organized anti-fascist militiamen in Spain for the Italian section of the Ascaso column, and was assassinated by Stalinists in Barcelona in 1937. See other works of his in the collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Camillo Berneri Armando Borghi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available I gruppi anarchici del antracite Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 16 x 11.5cm; 44 p. Language A language of the resource Italian 1931-1940 anarchist anti-fascist Armando Borghi Camillo Berneri Newark