1 25 2 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/c2466d0dcb93d7b0ee905dd4bd8d7c77.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=noXzG4JJLo9v6CoqFi-44%7EjlEH7qqqekrZ7Gt48jWkqNwfk-STnIIEUDcFlXJ-YkMDBLXrvJXrTRoB7Tlu3lgjmgRW2uHk-hrTsOhtHHvxS97wzfoq1Tn5l3qsG0TkV78Wylsv6g0J2L-uaCpRxTOXrk%7EJmUjTf4JwGqQftuFQCyvpk60d%7EvBymvDOhZ6I0IMHk%7EjftAv1WIjcdTgTGMXRGykCeqEMZ6t4-UJ3401YEEn0Y3DxANNVPvYcgE7Dxo0oAVaoq4sEbikZ8Gd8LXlvDtE%7EMuBpo2yYiJh6SSb5aa-NouSOy7sQ-m430vD2i2qvTvfAQtjFGsqxrLkpC1kw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3f195766b8faf86ee990eeb6ca72bfb1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Political subversives III: Fascists and anti-fascists Description An account of the resource The Anti-Fascist movement embraced diverse leftists, including Carlo Tresca, as noted above. Opposition to Mussolini from the left was reflected by activities of the Anti-Fascist Alliance of North America, which formed common ground for anarchists, socialists/syndicalists and communists to temporarily set aside their differences and unite against fascist oppression. Gone, at least temporarily, were the debates about proper philosophy of the left: the goal was to unite in order to defeat fascism. As for fascism itself, its roots were in the nationalist fervor stoked by Italy’s late 19th and early 20th century imperialist ventures in Africa, which are reflected in several items in the collection. Fascism itself, with its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_radicalism">radical</a> nationalist agenda, came to prominence in the first quarter of 20th-century Europe, originating in Italy during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I">World War I</a>. Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party, a right-wing organization which launched a campaign of terrorism and intimidation against its leftist opponents, and forced the king in 1922 to name him the Prime Minister as a result of the fascists’ show of force in the March on Rome. In America, active fascist supporters started two magazines that vied for primacy with Mussolini as instruments of the Fascist Party in America. Agostino de Biasi’s Il Carroccio, (The Chariot) was published from 1915 until 1935 - most years of the magazine are in the collection - with a circulation of about 10,000–12,000, long-lived initially but ultimately with a circulation of only about one-third of Domenico Trombetta’s far more militant Il Grido della Stirpe (The Cry of the Race), which became the largest circulation pro-fascist periodical at about 30,000 at its height in the mid-late 1920s, dropping to about 5,000 in the late 1930s as Italian Americans soured on Mussolini. Mussolini also promoted teaching the Italian language to Italian American schoolchildren, reflected in several items in the collection. Both fascist and therefore anti-fascist activities were not confined to New York, Chicago and other big cities. By the early 1920s, Fascist Party cells in the United States were present in Buffalo, Albany, Rochester and Syracuse. Subject The topic of the resource This section of the collection reflects tensions between fascists and anti-fascists. But the anti-fascist movement in the U.S. among Italians and others had far less to fear from Mussolini than did such dissidents in Italy itself. Savage portrayals and caricatures of Mussolini and of fascism are fully reflected in the collection. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sotto il segno del littorio I: La genesi del fascismo [Under the Sign of the Lictors I: The origin of fascism]. Chicago: Libreria Sociale, 1933. Description An account of the resource The stunning front and back covers of Sotto il segno were illustrated by Fort Velona (b. Calabria, 1893 - d. New York, 1965), a socialist, labor organizer as well as cartoonist, who became best known for his anti-fascist cartoons, reproduced widely in the Italian American press. Among other experiences, Velona was clubbed unconscious by fascists at one of their rallies when he shouted “Death to Mussolini!” upon hearing the name of “Il Duce” raised. There is much to unpack in the illustration: to take but one example, many leading fascists are identified by name in the back cover illustration, including Emilio De Bono, a general and leader of the fascist March on Rome in 1922 who was tried in 1925 for the murder of Giacomo Matteoti in 1924 but acquitted; in the illustration, he is holding a knife in his hand with Matteoti's name on it. The first cartoon as a text illustration (opposite p. xvi) is by Rata Langa, the nom d’artiste of Gabriele Galantara, one of the co-founders of and chief cartoonist for L’Asino, q.v. The publisher, “Social Bookstore” was an arm of the Federazione Socialista Italiana. This work was also issued at the same time in red cloth-covered boards with stamped titling on the spine, a copy of which is also in the collection. Saudino (b. Piemonte, 1889 - d. Chicago, 1964), son of a tailor, came to the United States in 1912, where he became a writer, an anti-fascist, a publicist of socialist and anti-clerical causes, and long-time contributor to the newsletters La Parola del Popolo (of which he became editor) in Chicago and Il Corriere del Popolo in San Francisco. This work, which discusses fascism in Italy only, was the first volume of a projected two-volume work; the second volume, Le attività del fascismo negli Stati Uniti [The activities of fascism in the United States] was never published (its manuscript is in the IHRC in Minneapolis). The first volume was translated from Italian into Greek, apparently causing a diplomatic protest by the Italian government. During the 1930s and 1940s, Saudino was published widely in Italian newspapers in the United States, Italy, Argentina, and Mexico. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Domenico Saudino Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Chicago: Libreria Sociale Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Published and edited by the Federazione Socialista Italiana. Language A language of the resource Italian 1931-1940 anti-fascist Chicago Domenico Saudino Federazione Socialista Italiana Fort Velona Giacomo Matteotti Giuseppe Galantara history L'Asino Libreria Sociale Ratalanga socialist https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/7ce9677927293681b55b879446e3f864.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=vJieQHWwKDj7nnbl8v2Tuvb0NeATII8NEYfgrY37IfB%7EFhsOqyDgATuRDeLlpPcSVYyloP27kRspOOOCT1Ag8%7E9yNytJ7Uyqen3JqRaFlk-%7EvVzLa3Inor2u5p5e0aJNfJDs-E3xGw7L6VZwEITwTNMPur545Cz6RTpq5K3QOR1TyBx%7ENhM7P%7EHrtwz-eytZ60r1FuRr28zTdWoQOTSav2dsEWLT6C7AKVpl0NnQFMBVbww3wFqSF2TmRLGtc3OfScWlROii9%7EVYhci8c9vgQu9Djv78NOhCtskgGuxO1S-1b2AWzt%7EQl1dHZujm69RnmxCJEfLcSGl39D0QQqjN6A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3893f1640ef41b5b44afbeac79eaa290 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/26a85a60653961a2008ac1917a169423.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=e-aG6zH6CHFpNpv8FhG4Jop-k8gp9iavSunTLQ5F2vrz5ITh4WSQaOSgQ5coik%7EYuH5GdBryv7krzC6z6-5UoNuHq1qJeirnkiG6t32ruPS2C98tNIvHILH97FTnlOJI-qf4FJNuJ%7EXvazPF1CdK%7EFu4BHWNMjs0luSQGwJvrLWTZkc2THJLxUnyafwhqzmbn1jKfyL15kLCXZOqo5OmK3QD6i6jf4DQJHf4Byi6limLq2l4BoiMUfN%7EN8ncs7h8rwdUt5ZVzzB0I4irKkUFxz5OwT%7EbK2VF%7EHJv9zUFnlFbHtd9uKvTplHxSbbu4bOoDzTqy9HuPSBUvtlJxL3EYw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4a091b5842b8682a4d64ff03d13438d6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Periodicals: newspapers and magazines Description An account of the resource The collection is rich in hard to find magazines and/or newspapers like Ernesto Valentini's Zarathustra, Vincenzo Vacirca's Il Solco and La Strada, Aldino Felicani's La Controcorrente, Il Proletario, Enrico Arrigoni's Eresia, Carlo Tresca's Il Martello and Guardia Rossa, Antonino Capraro's Alba Nuova, Arturo Giovannitti's Vita, Agostino De Biasi's Il Carroccio, T. Lucidi's Il Messaggero della Salute, Guido Podrecca's and Gabriele Galantara's L'Asino (this last mostly published in Rome) and others. As Francesco Durante rightly observed in Italoamericana, understanding the contribution of journalism among Italian Americans - almost solely in Italian at the outset - to the community life, as well as to the culture of the immigrant community, is central to understanding that community. Virtually all of the writers whose book-length works we see and celebrate in the collection, whether political or not, began their writing careers with newspaper or magazine writing. Some even immigrated to the U.S. precisely to do just that, but those were exceptional. The politics of the magazines and newspapers ran the gamut from left to right, and some - e.g., Il Messaggero della Salute - were not really political in that sense at all. The separation often observed between the political and the literary sections of the magazines is surprising and deserves examination all by itself: one can find the stories of Clara Vacirca, married to and sharing the political leanings of the socialist Vincenzo Vacirca, published in the right-wing Il Carroccio, and less overtly political writers like Salvatore Benanti and Federico Mennella often contributed literary pieces to leftist periodicals like La Follia di New York. For example, Mennella wrote the dialect column for La Follia for some time. The catholic nature of the magazines in the literary culture of the Italians reflected one of its strengths. Whatever the mixture of news from Italy and from America, whether "news events," or political or cultural commentary, short stories or poems, whether from Italians still in Italy or immigrants in the U.S. or translated from German, French. English or Russian - all of which were quite prevalent - or elaborations of philosophies of living, sometimes imported but sometimes "home-grown" in the U.S., the magazines and newspapers provide a rich insight into this world. Beyond the articles themselves were, in many cases, letters to the editors and lists of new subscribers (and the cities and towns they lived in), both of which enlarge our understanding of what parts of the immigrant community were reached and affected by the printed word. This, too, is a subject that deserves close examination, and has been discussed recently, for example, in a fine essay by historian Adam Quinn discussing whether the Cronaca Sovversiva of the anti-organizational anarchist Luigi Galleani was a "seditious rag" or a community newspaper - or both. Quinn clearly concludes that it was both. The same can be said for Il Martello, La Follia di New York, Il Carroccio and many of the other political magazines - they were part of the "glue" that held together the Italian community quite beyond their immediate political messages. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La Parola del Popolo [The Voice of the People]. Chicago, 1972-1976. Description An account of the resource The Collection includes issues from the very late years of this publication, which began in 1908 under the name of La Parola dei Socialisti, and took the name it has in these issues in 1920: La Parola del Popolo, Vol. XXII, No. 112 - Luglio-Agosto [July/August] 1972 La Parola del Popolo, Vol. XXII, No. 114 - Novembre-Dicembre [November/December] 1972 La Parola del Popolo, Vol. XXIII, No. 118 - Luglio-Agosto [July/August] 1973 La Parola del Popolo, Vol. XXIV, No. 120 - Novembre-Dicembre [November/December] 1973 La Parola del Popolo, Vol. XXVI, No. 133 - Marzo-Aprile [March/April] 1976 One of the longest-lived of the socialist publications, La Parola went through many name changes to evade postal authorities and for other reasons. The Collection contains a large-format, 336-page commemorative edition for the 50th anniversary of the newspaper whose name since about 1922 was La Parola del Popolo, q.v. Its pages contain many illustrations by the leading leftist illustrator, Fort Velona (see Sotto il segno del littorio and Memorie di vita di tempeste sociali), and large black and white photographs of leading anti-fascist scholar Gaetano Salvemini and of Giacomo Battistoni (see holograph letter of Carlo Tresca to Battistoni in the collection), as well as of the objects of the “ommagios” [tributes] to several influential radicals. In that commemorative edition, note the large number of prominent names in the "Sommario" of articles, including Domenico Saudino (q.v.), Filippo Turrati, Giovannitti and Mario De Ciampis. Fort Velona’s summary in the 50th anniversary commemorative edition of the history of this important organ of Italian socialists shows the parallel growth of the Italian socialist movement in the U.S. and the newspaper that was its banner: after a period of name changes from La Parola dei Socialisti, its name in 1908, in a vain attempt to evade postal authorities’ efforts to prevent sending subscribers copies of the newspaper of the fledgling Federazione Socialista Italiana (La Fiaccola and L’Avanti! were two others), and following the ending of World War I, when postal suppression relaxed, the former La Parola dei Socialisti (see La morale di Arlecchino) was reborn as La Parola del Popolo in 1920. From that time, when Egidio Clemente took over the renamed newspaper, publication continued uninterrupted until its final issue in 1982. Years after his editorship of La Parola, Clemente (b. Trieste, 1899; d. Chicago, ?) established his own imprint, which published Giovannitti’s Italian poems in 1957 (Quando canta il gallo, q.v.) and again, posthumously, in 1962, in a commemorative edition of “Collected Poems” of the English-language poems of the perfectly bi-lingual Giovannitti. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 28.5x21.5cm 29.5x20.5cm Language A language of the resource Italian 1971-1980 Chicago Domenico Saudino Egidio Clemente Fort Velona Mario De Ciampis periodical socialist Vittorio Buttis