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Dublin Core
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Title
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<em>Political subversives I: The bibliographic travels of Luigi Galleani and Armando Borghi</em>
Subject
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Consistent with their travels to speak with their "disciples" and the international nature of anarchism, these two leaders, Galleani and Borghi, also published in a wide variety of places in the U.S., Italy and elsewhere. Doing so was often a function of evading crackdowns on subversives by U.S. postal authorities, or in Borghi's case, avoiding being imprisoned and possibly killed in Italy during the Mussolini years, when publishers, printers and authors all lived in fear.
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Luigi Galleani</em> <br /><br />Galleani was one of the anarchist movement’s most eloquent writers and spellbinding orators, heir to the great Errico Malatesta in Italy and elsewhere, a political agitator and charismatic anarchist leader, and a prolific political publisher. <br /><br />Mentor to Sacco and Vanzetti, the peripatetic Galleani was born in Italy, and lived in various venues in the U.S. from 1901 until he was deported back to Italy in 1919. He first settled in Paterson, New Jersey in 1901 to be the editor of the then-most important anarchist journal, <em>La Questione Sociale</em>. <span style="font-weight:400;">Then, after starting the newspaper </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">[Subversive Chronicle] </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">in 1903, he moved to Lynn, Mass. (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Madri d’Italia</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">, under the pseudonym Mentana), until the postmaster in Lynn refused to mail </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> and his books, at which time he repaired to Barre, Vermont (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Verso il comunismo</span></i>, among other examples of publications from that venue). <br /><br />He was prosecuted for violating anti-leftist laws, especially the 1918 Anarchist Exclusion Act. This act, which permitted the government to shut down publication of the Cronaca Sovversiva in that year (and deport Galleani and other editors of the newspaper subsequently), had been passed by Congress largely in response to the bombings that Galleani incited his followers to undertake (see his <em>Faccia a faccia col nemico</em>) through his publications as well as his personal direction: he even published a manual on how to make bombs (“La salute è in voi!” [Your salvation is up to you!]). <br /><br />Galleani’s deportation in 1919 arose as much from his newspaper and pamphlet publications that were themselves regarded by the authorities as incitements to violence, as it did from his actual and attempted bombings. He and his followers of the individualist school of anarchism were wary of not only electoral politics but also of syndicalism, i.e., the use of trade unions to bring industry and government under the control by direct action, such as strikes and sabotage, the preferred methods of Carlo Tresca, among others. Because of these doctrinal differences, as well as Tresca’s immense personal charm and popularity, Galleani’s followers were even more determined to destroy the reputation and thus the effectiveness of Tresca, despite the anti-fascist views they shared in the 1920s and 1930s. <br /><br />Like his unlikely ally Armando Borghi, Galleani was internationally well known, so that even his deportation from the U.S. hardly put a stop to his influence. <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em> (The Gathering of the Recalcitrants) became the successor newspaper to <em>La Cronaca Sovversiva</em> after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, begun and run by his followers in the U.S. after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, and edited by Raffaele Schiavina. Its publishing arm released many full-length works (typically, collections of shorter pieces) like those exhibited here, as well as pamphlets, sometimes without Galleani’s authorization, due to his being unreachable in exile on the island of Lipari. <br /><br /><em>L’Adunata</em> also published Galleani in Europe, e.g., in Rome as late as 1947, often using the same printer’s mark (a mermaid-like torchbearer) he used in the earliest of his works. The international character of the movement had long been clear: in one work, readers of an Italian-language edition of <em>Organizzazione e anarchia</em>, published in Paris (by L. Chauvet) sometime after 1925, are urged in a message in the inside rear cover to buy a copy of Galleani’s <em>La fine dell’anarchismo?</em>, published in the United States (Newark) in 1925. <br /><br /><em>Armando Borghi</em><br /><br />Armando Borghi’s unflattering biography of Mussolini (<em>Mussolini in camicia</em>) was too dangerous to be released in Italy: after Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922, publishing a work criticizing Mussolini soon became impossible. Simply for speaking in the Italian Parliament in June 1924 against fraud (and violence) employed by Mussolini in the recent election, United Socialist Party chief Giacomo Matteotti was within days thereafter murdered by the fascists, a politically explosive development that became a rallying cry of anti-fascists for many years. <br /><br />In 1925, measures that gave the government powers to gag the press were passed. Emergency laws in 1926 suppressed every political party and every newspaper other than those of the fascists. It was in that context that anarcho-syndicalist Borghi arrived in the U.S. in or about November 1926, where he was joined by his lover, Virgilia D’Andrea (see her works in the collection). Shortly thereafter, in 1927 he published <em>Mussolini in camicia</em> in Italian in the only safe place to do so at the time, New York. This work became internationally popular, was translated into French and published in Paris (1932), in Amsterdam in Dutch (1933) - the collection has recently (in 2021) acquired a Dutch copy - , and then translated into English from the French edition, not the Italian original, and published in London (1935). <br /><br /><em>Mussolini in camicia</em> was again published to America, but in English, in 1938 using the same British translation, and was not published in Italy until 1947, not long after the war’s end and Mussolini’s execution. In Italy, Borghi ranked second only to the legendary Errico Malatesta as its most important anarchist, so that when he arrived in the U.S., Borghi expected to be the foremost Italian anarchist there (Galleani having been deported some years before). <br /><br />However, Carlo Tresca, director of <em>Il Martello</em>, who as a fellow “organization” anarchist might otherwise have been his natural ally, was in the way, and Borghi surprisingly thus aligned himself with the anti-organizational anarchist Galleanisti and their <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, a move that he eventually came to regret. Like the Galleanisti, Borghi attacked Tresca not only on ideological grounds but also on personal ones.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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<strong><em>Verso il comunismo</em></strong> [Towards Communism]. <strong>Barre, VT: Tip. della Cronica Sovversiva, 1904.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
This short (13-page) pamphlet was published in Barre, VT by the <em>Cronaca Sovversiva</em> only about a year after that newspaper's founding in 1903 on the types of political views of different people the narrator met while a student at the University of Torino. The pamphlet was as much a warning of the approach of Communism as it was an expression of desire for it. <br /><br />Pasted above the publication information on the title page of this cover-less copy is a slip on which is typed <strong>Libreria Popolizio| Road 2 Box 1| Rivesville, W. Va. 26588| U.S.A.</strong> (One wonders what publication information lies under the slip.) This seems unlikely to be the same Popolizio (Giuseppe) who was the New York-based publisher in the 1940s and 1950s, but more research needs to be done.<br /><br />Stamped sideways to the right is the faint stamp of Giuseppe Galzerano of Casalvelino Scalo, which is a hamlet (frazione) in the comune (municipality) of Castelnuovo Cilento in the province of Salerno, in Campagna.
Creator
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Luigi Galleani
Publisher
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Tip. della Cronica Sovversiva
Date
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1904
Format
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14.5 x 10cm; 13 p.
Language
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Italian
1901-1910
anarchist
Cronaca Sovversiva
Giuseppe Galzerano
Luigi Galleani
newspaper press