1 25 5 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/a96178371da3dab76ef9a7cc78557c19.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=v-usRI4Phf-winIMtztXeWegO7ixH8npbb1q5lItEsUdLT2zQU7Vl7COemqoYa3VwvvTrOkUKLa7UpLPNnLIGH%7Erg0bdzeZGmDa2HCYGANJAaWQoYZoJleBkzQKuDczTDhPK-6fKHD02LtU0P6FBnNisxoGn41TWErliGkvsdLuoRbByABfHaX4yQySg4TXvyTzC0xK3xC39AekifRFSBy5dpzJLaiLU-iLKnBV7XTHO42ZxfoPQ31pHL3KvdZOwuB0T7Uiksh8I76x3frJxlx8HOq6kJLSXrHcWHdPzO1Ytk2rT3ob2Zd2gN6xxGU0EhMO7s-6UnQuTLIP6l1w2zg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 857943d64216b76c551a98cf6515f2ce https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/61bde43d2db78d5140e6b0f9838f0c42.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=mlQbZTQvGs49tKwJnxXD3bAI4HEtNso2qD6AMWAXVwXttSldgtVqwqKw04iqwRaI7jZ0kfm%7Eyv7aUwzBYUFzFxDRf0hIIqkU2fUixSWnfRS4hQR8zUElbD1N20OTt8HmjEUBGMOLu4AzifpmB8jfDfiSEbwblcApGkMsq748FUG1h1HoxBSJYXu4aB0aTEOeAvqtIKV43mNrUGePDHPWRVGgR6fyetLQiAPZN%7E8eyIqJev-N9SKbw9f77OvK6if1%7EOHylCZvK06hN%7EyZ%7EkxjrG%7Eg6-blWNA7TaOIfYQGZOvUGYZ5h15qWt0%7E7E1FJkl1zp6G68kLTj%7EtkVhKJD7vEQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM cd26cfad7ab63faf684dea537706059d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Max Stirner: un refrattario [Max Stirner: a Recalcitrant]. East Boston: Biblioteca del Gruppo Autonomo, 1914. Description An account of the resource Roudine wrote this work in his native French, and published it in a bi-weekly periodical in 1911 directed by Henri Fabre in Paris. Max Stirner appeared in Italian first in issues of La Cronaca Sovversiva between January and April of that year, translated by Luigi Galleani, and was then published in book form in 1914 in East Boston. This work concerns the philosophy and work of Stirner, a leading “recalcitrant” (a refractory, unwilling individual, disobedient to authority) German individualist and anti-organizationalist anarchist. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Victor Roudine Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Biblioteca del Gruppo Autonomo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 21.5 x 11.5cm; 58 p. Language A language of the resource Italian English 1911-1920 anarchist-antiorganizational East Boston French original Gruppo Autonomo Luigi Galleani translated https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/8004f51f5506fdd7620dac51a8376c9b.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=v30BoQ72t5IPnb3-o4M%7EmthJ2i1Cr8IgfPorApqdwvMIqCPZ%7E1JgZbd6xadTDwQ0eJJ0ce7LFBzGq6UUIMaJfsMtBkwe7AOrdHwkCo6Ah%7E6lPukC1oybCcjjsr-F7wBH2xKZGUdxsVUEL3faG3P6Z-VBgLwMO5FsIDX1hkZVthi%7EU04jzDRJoFl5%7EFCeVE5Jm4rleD02bUFRdmJop%7Etjl4JGDTRJn8uuIob4dx0GS4PPcNmbir21h4cgtvJ-oBQZ8IWwqeIaz11wa%7EoV5o5z6orxjYQWTObySMuTY5GLRI6iz-rvWxfL-WSKKKTEq%7E7pUyz68EmnqXrJ8QQX6n%7EnSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2e1d971b0e8f54d1c50b6d8253a546ce https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/aa1dc96ce7c4c49435935c33787ddb17.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=RMOpZkkJ%7Em8pquu0bWHIpyUiZhxdHQPRoWwzMleTMB1OMEwnPs4Q4sXa3t6dmL7CgFnq0Xhsp1JZMWGiLI1SxhoyzqylpfI6iinORr0K0Rb7w7mt76YmnB9lywYYP39SfJbIaGo3uold8o0r7f544rXDnw0IfxL-LEYas1npK7Cum9pzXshBK44dFVErzieC8yJ%7EkZG1vlRHSHYh8FNAlzwf4tZ-of4lRZE6TGAGpf0ULDTC0AO8bTKagwfAgfKYliE0rRwjrFufc0bssewn839N-tZ1B5VS6tHu3knHfreyhxsAC4A4JoTgXLKuiq%7E8vYj3S3hLlcRJnrnxdE9QQA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ba315ccb0199fa23a7e01cae79f00dc5 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/f464eab48de7fb6c19e8776b24ff98ce.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=Q3Ub2Bzu5-LoL4Mbycd1q0PG48T9g5X9N1JXDiu8e%7Edzo9VkX6zAY4yknytJWJyi1kXiv5APie1eAtJVdA-Qx6uvBy1QvuwSaAWJAMpkD%7EjCXhNRHjKemy4yhbI9vL1BeZtHNS30KZna7AORoHY-HnZyVeKZKqqOuKK2%7E0XBh3GhZz4H2tvQauPpoMCme9D-2Y4u-BSOOS8jbUBUULxHANwwN5tI4XltMCB7rqMcwjY4uuvT1tGWW2Bjj9IGJKMMCKjGGC9R47hE2Z7qsF5RvzwcKP6dPYFlg8Ruk%7EGYeHi2MJw88Nv33DyxQbzXKQKKPKTQgiT9ZTIcLZnNLigYrw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 12d2ddfe1c2d9024b639fffbab711bc4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource L'attentato di Matteo Morral [The Attempt on Matteo Morral]. East Boston: Gruppo Autonomo, [1910?] Description An account of the resource This is the Italian-language version of a French anarchist's perspective on the Morral affair, an attempted assassination of the Spanish King Alfonso XIII and his bride, Victoria Eugenie, on their wedding day, May 31, 1906 by Mateu Morral, who threw a bomb from a balcony, killing 24 bystanders without harming the royal procession. Two days after the attack, militiamen accosted Morral, who killed one before killing himself. Morral was likely involved in a similar attack on the king a year prior. The affair became a pretext to stop Francisco Ferrer, an anarchist pedagogue who ran Escuela Moderna, the influential, rationalist, antigovernment, anticlerical, antimilitary, Barcelonean school in whose library Morral worked. Morral is celebrated here as a hero. The Boston-based Gruppo Autonomo that published this edition, affiliated with Luigi Galleani, did not refrain from violence when it believed it was necessary. Author Charles Malato (1857–1938) was a French anarchist and writer. He was born to a noble Neapolitan family; his grandfather Count Malato was a Field Marshal and the Commander-in-Chief of the army of the last King of Naples. Count Malato ferociously suppressed a popular anti-dynastic insurrection; his son – Charles' father – supported the communards of the Paris Commune, and was banished as a result to the penal colony of New Caledonia, where Charles was born. After the amnesty of anarchists and communists, Charles and his by that time ninety-year-old father returned to Paris, where they immersed themselves in the anarchist movement. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carlo [Charles-Armand-Antoine] Malato Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Gruppo Autonomo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [1910?] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 13 x 8.5cm; 20 p. Language A language of the resource Italian 1901-1910 anarchist East Boston Francisco Ferrer French original Gruppo Autonomo Luigi Galleani Matteo Morral Scuola Moderna https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/385089494bb684933fe9e79d3262fbb0.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=QQKVrhih2lGmt7pjVY-z3Vuurh9AxfbEztC5qkvube3AxSTeZcEEzkcHPExiaYDzLpelC3WikWEa1HB8ypqTHxOIxJck38OLTaYbkUyqxJ9pYnmCUyHDBUk0CBool-Ya%7EZWRPEtQVfxkf8sK7qkAVkks27TJqHZEJdKneBbiPWeDu1-PBoDivy2aMnYa1z1TGxerRaUZ6mpn-an1yVJf2mRGe2rHqUmGVtEAmRjykXCnpsdGVwxbuJD%7EzTgPUQm9H2YYJclk-maM3LYSZ9elRkoqtYcQQPomA-8oOX2v7SUUFRdaj79C%7E0odsWzHkWUmsIFTHtzu%7EWRevV4T3S3%7E1g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9a52f5cadc19e69b3220c37dd12b0a38 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/0eab56900c907e1634ad5d0c177b2a61.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=jJybTdP6JfxyAuK5ffa1rxIK3lGZYzO--MIl7yqOwzZzCG-COQeaJg3snP3ONbSx3pYVD0egOKqKRGizN5kFyd9uGeHEfptrOTG-zeIzSFRz9jimwWIGvZ9Wln5BSGw8N4hxUIKsCRcdKGfbpzQI9YvSTCYT5bsjQ0eXNXXWZ22bAky0JILGTaFeEkXGs-Kvf9Yql8garsjJu37pYeoNyWkJsCdd9noaN5f5O5d0SXSyYjUo3dKy-vouJGXGHwFsboOGrgXE32CF9VLiN1K6s1ZEpHfGGkeC1qCBYsnr1fRW9k4pJqR9SprfG9FjnLAc%7EV-ZwwmveNSNvQPR0csL4w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 38ee1578f38b27dabf310a2e6eadef6e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource La vigilia: dramma in tre atti [On the Eve: drama in three acts]. East Boston: Edizione Del Gruppo Autonomo, 1917. Description An account of the resource La vigilia is the first Italian translation “by A.M.G.” — who would be known by readers to be Arturo M. Giovannitti — of Leopold Kampf’s popular play written in German, Am vorabend. The work was intended to serve as entertainment as well as for the instruction of Italian working men and women, something that Giovannitti, who grasped the need for something more than political instruction, would understand. Italian American publishers, political and otherwise, published not only material written in Italian, but frequently translated works such as this one. Kampf’s play was widely popular, and was also published in Russian, English, and French translations. Edizione del Gruppo Autonomo was the publishing arm of the anarchist group to which Sacco and Vanzetti belonged, the Gruppo Autonomo (Autonomous Group), which also published Victor Roudine’s Max Stirner, q.v., translated from the French original, and Galleani’s Faccia a faccia col nemico three years earlier. There were many anarchist groups in Italian America; virtually each one picked its own “nickname” and many created their own imprints. The owner's name is on the front cover, "L. [or "T."] Bellisario." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leopoldo Kampf Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Edizione Del Gruppo Autonomo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1917. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 19.5 x 11.5cm; 63 p. Language A language of the resource Italian 1911-1920 Arturo Giovannitti drama East Boston Gruppo Autonomo Sacco & Vanzetti translation from German https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/6e5e9ec68ba41b146eab88110f26b269.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=Sq1VuNwlu4y3fxvIjvJhdxwPQcMTXheLhO-EpvCQReh-j4QpTT6QaiFTMAAt8j--Q73ZpRAb-yrXoJFe-BzMo8alZRBEMHjPe2HfUxJIIg9-uEWoL0xRtHBQwFhmgx0z%7EhexG3ULyPqtFQ5NXCKAs%7EtEMm6zev9Btv%7E5dvMKWm1QcN%7EYwVSZG%7Ej9fuZgbLpO18zPFCAxrTIgEnHIJt%7Ebud1Ob3WjIB8r4yXBoPxgzYxmlWxnYdmEkvw2YyhaBMiU2fezQfvbnbbv04UA4xDwgEDmZQ6nYH8eMwnmrq-BTs9zrwitq-WhvQZMUTEwhB6ndMEwIbD6rzwPUmL1vXzO7A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4a5597fa35da762a1aab10326dfe7b46 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/489964ce6acfbb13990e4c480ff3c348.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=uXCRGIN%7EJLX7tGXPcZ94XnyaB1C0tG32KtlwN6-VPngzbMA8yDfjRdZ6x1Zm5tSJR1VBv89fUXEHYK0sNGbPJVr8RzKoxuTRUKO7kOaep67mNLaNLuasR0DrRQDLFihs8qHtX6bYpurxUivwm5-IpuWr9lISkWLFmZ3ifoeEWCPki3XfBDZCKZJARh9xwu0dqc4rkWD2KZNwT%7EbigWSa1GTEGwjdO5urP0-us4xJWOuKUjN%7Equ3CHt3wm5slPM1dmMuM5ks84uscfXralVHIzpFSvk%7EcZqW27B6N2jrNNX%7EDUFiewjUzZE6Bb2eQb7Hr0BkqDtq2a9j8xD5O2nNycQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8c4b6cdb3d9c7d8cb2f1d4b0f7ab0fd9 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/88c860d7b9c3a23e2ec609c5466717fe.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=m23TAVb9VGCAIUInf2U%7EEFlLCDvWhtC-czSFKQHpA5k4M8CUSFydUoJVhGlUhyL6W5cRO-J3JfBrLj9sww%7ENRasJ0hmKhhp6gzGRbIFCG-Kq7epBRIuVsl5RNToixd7qFVha%7E2KJwu7aiMGHCmFrZO2HIu6zIRJH3JykNELAT2CR1JrTBpK-jw5zUMm2OgQeOx7WRXcYwaurK%7EykP0HdAxiCY4QDqm%7EBEelfsUrchxCrRr-dJvgUTuo6x6TlVxQAj9KLTzelUMSSg8N%7EUrypi2SO94n2EQcU6WfjgeYcQg5UUMWtuvmncRg5RSqMq9wW5Hzj73zbihbLBCcw39oboA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0d62910fa7f72a50451d2875c315f54f https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/cb15bfb56dac2d4e0085b3b60800ce0e.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=k4keDTCQj1HFx5qit8qKwq8rNkGGR8zIk%7Eg8Q3gFLDZ2KXQg%7EjR%7Eo-NFvYUQepMk7pPwGUBix6b7RazB8XeuMNtWaDbcBk8U4Y2rvDssTJWQHPP5xS65PHYtzSSHNuGht2qo%7Ef4MexEFHuUF3yURnAmCaxLB8ufUKndcLhdSSafyUJoE5SH2E0v0YhYs5QbkRGTIbuQ1PEgPwo3LmpzxMZpiUcVzEDw7pvsF4EAZfIMHMKrT%7EgJ8x3MzY-fnb50tK-%7EcY0Fg8feuokjr5a5P%7E3j1zRSttM3hYx6Tozgrz%7E%7EZ1Ww23ltm7JEay5C9FH9Fw63BXaJIlmuI%7Ey5j4sVqvA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6cad56397460b9c6c8de8cdd6edb1121 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Se dovessi parlare agli elettori: ecco quanto direi loro [If I Had to Speak with the Electorate, Here is What I Would Tell Them]. East Boston: Gruppo Autonomo, [191-?] Description An account of the resource Translation of work of French anarchist anti-electoral essay. Gruppo Autonomo was Galleani's violent anarchist cell that included Sacco & Vanzetti. French journalist, editor, theorist, novelist, educator, and campaigner, Jean Grave was one of the most influential figures in the French and international anarchist movements between the late 1870s and World War I. He acquired this stature through the prominence and sheer volume of his contacts, as well as his ability to extend and mobilize them in the context of a clear militant project, relying on predominantly informal connections. Grave was the editor of several highly prominent anarchist periodicals, including La Révolte (1887–1894), and, perhaps most importantl, Les Temps Nouveaux (1895–1922). These journals broadcast anarchist ideas on a global scale, with a circulation ranging from 1,500 in their early days to 18,000 copies at their peak, presumably with a much wider readership. The original of this translated work, Si j'avais à parler aux électeurs, was published in 1912. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Giovanni [Jean] Grave Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Gruppo Autonomo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [191-?] Relation A related resource 16 x 11cm; 15 p. Language A language of the resource Italian English 1911-1920 anarchist bilingual East Boston French original Gruppo Autonomo pamphlet https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/aaddb0563da3f58c037a0504e9686ba8.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=rVfxamTpZQsTuA3yVdLuPOnXk5NZz-mV0UI%7ECQonK-Wf5ILdPkW4TjHiLe6%7Es1TCt83O9aze8f0SPjqsryULw-gjH6OUOd6opMiqjsNz-SNOt8zZQ4tNVoOnuXTYboCfJUzh3YpYL9lDAlEmovDG8gV9H1P57YQkdHQtgGymDm7WSR5xqDTxBrnHhg3%7EJDRF%7EN6ulpVAarjkCEi-cn5Ff-KlFf0vtMVXEqZjT3PFhJRnJo7ZO4LckcivJaxIEouWhcRYJaCkHRs-KZX5G%7E8xyoKifEEbIGVuJxhj19NmoLkDPixA%7ELdhECRUn0H4zjF9RpyVWmlF-VWrOmMN1GRiOg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 98111ac67e9561fcdad1da0422b640ff https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/a13b643d035fccf2cc68b93a6240e5d7.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=jUESZrKBUvSyW8trrQoI6mN7vkNRqLgEzsUQELURedFwmhbWoFWDziZqw2UyfpkMcpqFATw3oAL9ybf-R9amWyPnh4gbI1RwCFDPBlrBiUu0bwfWtvHV8Xpw5bunJXkTka%7EKg0TNjiOpwNkq12sXdaNx3TPLYvQkYdYwCfXYzYP7Zp0s6%7E3D1I5K3ZVif-9teYf1Cjn0RfvPDsWz7ebLVpEIjMQRA0puEq8CXJUHEimUEbauZ-KqDXmDLVS-u2bQv1ng6%7EVabiTpejfIhisX5rsEWKCp%7ECznPrLxm20Prlx4Br6vL%7E4W86a12-UdsQMRKs3azJx72Bjuu26QHlUu3A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b42409623f1f27d7f77a84f9eb6b5f03 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Political subversives I: The bibliographic travels of Luigi Galleani and Armando Borghi Subject The topic of the resource Consistent with their travels to speak with their "disciples" and the international nature of anarchism, these two leaders, Galleani and Borghi, also published in a wide variety of places in the U.S., Italy and elsewhere. Doing so was often a function of evading crackdowns on subversives by U.S. postal authorities, or in Borghi's case, avoiding being imprisoned and possibly killed in Italy during the Mussolini years, when publishers, printers and authors all lived in fear. Description An account of the resource Luigi Galleani Galleani was one of the anarchist movement’s most eloquent writers and spellbinding orators, heir to the great Errico Malatesta in Italy and elsewhere, a political agitator and charismatic anarchist leader, and a prolific political publisher. Mentor to Sacco and Vanzetti, the peripatetic Galleani was born in Italy, and lived in various venues in the U.S. from 1901 until he was deported back to Italy in 1919. He first settled in Paterson, New Jersey in 1901 to be the editor of the then-most important anarchist journal, La Questione Sociale. Then, after starting the newspaper Cronaca Sovversiva [Subversive Chronicle] in 1903, he moved to Lynn, Mass. (see his Madri d’Italia, under the pseudonym Mentana), until the postmaster in Lynn refused to mail Cronaca Sovversiva and his books, at which time he repaired to Barre, Vermont (see his Verso il comunismo, among other examples of publications from that venue). He was prosecuted for violating anti-leftist laws, especially the 1918 Anarchist Exclusion Act. This act, which permitted the government to shut down publication of the Cronaca Sovversiva in that year (and deport Galleani and other editors of the newspaper subsequently), had been passed by Congress largely in response to the bombings that Galleani incited his followers to undertake (see his Faccia a faccia col nemico) through his publications as well as his personal direction: he even published a manual on how to make bombs (“La salute è in voi!” [Your salvation is up to you!]). Galleani’s deportation in 1919 arose as much from his newspaper and pamphlet publications that were themselves regarded by the authorities as incitements to violence, as it did from his actual and attempted bombings. He and his followers of the individualist school of anarchism were wary of not only electoral politics but also of syndicalism, i.e., the use of trade unions to bring industry and government under the control by direct action, such as strikes and sabotage, the preferred methods of Carlo Tresca, among others. Because of these doctrinal differences, as well as Tresca’s immense personal charm and popularity, Galleani’s followers were even more determined to destroy the reputation and thus the effectiveness of Tresca, despite the anti-fascist views they shared in the 1920s and 1930s. Like his unlikely ally Armando Borghi, Galleani was internationally well known, so that even his deportation from the U.S. hardly put a stop to his influence. L’Adunata dei Refrattari (The Gathering of the Recalcitrants) became the successor newspaper to La Cronaca Sovversiva after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, begun and run by his followers in the U.S. after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, and edited by Raffaele Schiavina. Its publishing arm released many full-length works (typically, collections of shorter pieces) like those exhibited here, as well as pamphlets, sometimes without Galleani’s authorization, due to his being unreachable in exile on the island of Lipari. L’Adunata also published Galleani in Europe, e.g., in Rome as late as 1947, often using the same printer’s mark (a mermaid-like torchbearer) he used in the earliest of his works. The international character of the movement had long been clear: in one work, readers of an Italian-language edition of Organizzazione e anarchia, published in Paris (by L. Chauvet) sometime after 1925, are urged in a message in the inside rear cover to buy a copy of Galleani’s La fine dell’anarchismo?, published in the United States (Newark) in 1925. Armando Borghi Armando Borghi’s unflattering biography of Mussolini (Mussolini in camicia) was too dangerous to be released in Italy: after Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922, publishing a work criticizing Mussolini soon became impossible. Simply for speaking in the Italian Parliament in June 1924 against fraud (and violence) employed by Mussolini in the recent election, United Socialist Party chief Giacomo Matteotti was within days thereafter murdered by the fascists, a politically explosive development that became a rallying cry of anti-fascists for many years. In 1925, measures that gave the government powers to gag the press were passed. Emergency laws in 1926 suppressed every political party and every newspaper other than those of the fascists. It was in that context that anarcho-syndicalist Borghi arrived in the U.S. in or about November 1926, where he was joined by his lover, Virgilia D’Andrea (see her works in the collection). Shortly thereafter, in 1927 he published Mussolini in camicia in Italian in the only safe place to do so at the time, New York. This work became internationally popular, was translated into French and published in Paris (1932), in Amsterdam in Dutch (1933) - the collection has recently (in 2021) acquired a Dutch copy - , and then translated into English from the French edition, not the Italian original, and published in London (1935). Mussolini in camicia was again published to America, but in English, in 1938 using the same British translation, and was not published in Italy until 1947, not long after the war’s end and Mussolini’s execution. In Italy, Borghi ranked second only to the legendary Errico Malatesta as its most important anarchist, so that when he arrived in the U.S., Borghi expected to be the foremost Italian anarchist there (Galleani having been deported some years before). However, Carlo Tresca, director of Il Martello, who as a fellow “organization” anarchist might otherwise have been his natural ally, was in the way, and Borghi surprisingly thus aligned himself with the anti-organizational anarchist Galleanisti and their L’Adunata dei Refrattari, a move that he eventually came to regret. Like the Galleanisti, Borghi attacked Tresca not only on ideological grounds but also on personal ones. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faccia a faccia col nemico: cronache giudiziarie dell'anarchismo militante [Face to Face with the Enemy: Judicial chronicles of militant anarchism]. East Boston: Edizione Del Gruppo Autonomo, 1914. Description An account of the resource This text is a lengthy work containing fifteen articles and essays from (and printed by the book publishing arm of) the anarchist Cronaca Sovversiva, led by author Luigi Galleani, describing various bombings by militant anarchists and their trials that inevitably followed, though prior to the more famous 1917–1918 bombings discussed in Angelo Faggi’s Uno storico processo di classe. The best-known members of the militant Gruppo Autonomo, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, worshipped Galleani as “our master.” The possession of radical literature like this work, and the need to hide it from the authorities, were the likely cause of the arrest, a few years later, of Sacco and Vanzetti, on May 5, 1920. That occurred during the course of a roundup of Galleanisti, who were suspected of taking part in recent bombings. In the process, the two men were linked to the South Braintree robbery in the wake of a failed attempt to retrieve the car, under repair, they needed, probably in order to collect and hide radical literature like Faccia a faccia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Luigi Mentana [Galleani] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Edizione Del Gruppo Autonomo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 23 x 16.5cm; 504 p. Language A language of the resource Italian 1911-1920 anarchist Durante East Boston Gruppo Autonomo Luigi Galleani Sacco & Vanzetti