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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<strong><em>Il lavoro attraente</em></strong> [Attractive Work]. <strong>Ginevra: Carlo Frigerio, Ed., 1938.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
This is an edited version of an essay which had appeared first in the U.S., in the Italian-American anarchist paper <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, edited by "Max Sartin" (Raffaele Schiavina) after he secretly returned to the U.S. following his deportation in 1919, along with that of Luigi Galleani and others. The American publication was part of the Biblioteca di Coltura Libertaria; No. 1, Gennaio-Febbraio 1938.<br /><br />The reprint in Geneva of an essay originally published in the U.S. is another example of the international nature of the anarchist and socialist movements. Besides Switzerland and the U.S., Berneri was widely published in France and Italy.<br /><br />Berneri, an Italian professor of philosophy, and along with Errico Malatesta, Armando Borghi, a leading writer for <em>Umanità Nova, </em>was an anarchist theorist and propagandist who organized anti-fascist brigadiers in Spain, q.v. <em>Berneri in Ispagna</em> in the collection. He was assassinated by Stalinists while in Barcelona in 1937. <br /><br />Unlike the case with Borghi, Galleani or Malatesta, despite his writing for American Italian publications, there is no evidence of Berneri ever setting foot in the U.S.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Camillo Berneri
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Il lavoro attraente [Attractive Work]. Geneva: Carlo Frigerio, Ed.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1938
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
20 x 13.5cm; 35 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1931-1940
anarchist
anti-fascist
Camillo Berneri
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
-
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543f15557dd8416d35f84379483ba37e
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<strong><em>Attorno ad una vita</em></strong> [About a Life]. <strong>Newark: Biblioteca de l'<em>Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, 1940.</strong>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Gigi Damiani
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Biblioteca de l'<em>Adunata dei Refrattari</em>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1940
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
18.5 x 12.5cm; 47 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
Description
An account of the resource
This is a short biography by Damiani of Niccolò Converti , an anarchist writer who published, among other works, <em>Repubblica ed anarchia</em> (Tunisia, 1889), which Damiani mentions. <br /><p>Born in 1855 or, according to Damiani, 1858 in Cosenza (Calabria), Converti died in Tunisiain 1939. He studied medicine and after a long spell in Tunis, the city he was to choose as principal residence, he returned to Italy for the first time in years and finished his medical degree. <br /><br />Converti was attracted to the ideas of libertarian socialism, which was widely known in Naples thanks to the influence of Bakunin, who had lived there. He joined the Internationale, quickly becoming the most active member of the Neapolitan group, and carried on intense propaganda activity both with contributions to the existing press with the creation of new bulletins. <br /><br />In May 1885, Converti published an anarchist communist newspaper, <em>Il Piccone,</em> in brochure format. His forced departure to France left the Neapolitan anarchist moving in difficulty. With the help of some French and Italian anarchist friends, he founded the Internationale Anarchiste. He became a doctor to the indigent in Tunis, which was filled with Italian refugees from political persecution. <br /><br />In 1896 he started the theoretical magazine <em>La Protesta Umana</em>, whose contributors included Luigi Fabbri and Amilcare Cipriani. He continued to work on the night shift as a doctor at the Italian colonial Hospital G. Garibaldi, which he had also helped to found. He maintained constant links with Camillo Berneri and others in the anarchist community. When he died in September 1939, the entire antifascist community of Tunis turned out to salute him.<br /><br />I find no evidence that Converti ever came to the U.S. <br /><br />The publisher, the Biblioteca de l<strong>'</strong><em>Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, is one of the best represented publishers in the collection - about 16 works.</p>
1931-1940
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Newark
newspaper press
-
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8cf4a0e71693c0e3c56da3506764730d
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em><strong>Stato e comune</strong></em> [State and City]. <strong>Newark: Biblioteca de l'<em>Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, 1946.</strong>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Gigi Damiani
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Biblioteca de l'<em>Adunata dei Refrattari</em>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1946
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
18.5 x 11.5cm; 23 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
Description
An account of the resource
Gigi Damiani (b. Rome, 1876; d. Rome, 1953) was an author well published in the U.S., but there is no evidence that he ever set foot in this country. Other than a few plays published in Detroit, and one in New York, the plays of Damiani were all published in the U.S. in Newark by <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, the Galleanisti publication started by Raffaele Schiavina, who secretly returned to the U.S. (using the pseudonym Max Sartin) after he and Galleani had been deported in 1919 for their political views.<br /><br />Damiani was an important anarchist figure in Italy; indeed, after the deaths of Galleani and Malatesta, he was considered by the fascist regime to be the most important (and thus dangerous) Italian anarchist leader. He was a compelling writer who as successfully as any, other than Cordiferro and Giovannitti, used the theatre as a means to promote anarchist ideas. He traveled throughout the world, including Brazil, France, Belgium, Spain and Tunisia. <br /><br />As recently as 1991, a more philosophical and theoretical work, Damiani’s <em>Saggio su di una concezione filosofica dell’anarchismo</em> (An Essay of a Philosophical Conception of Anarchism) was first published in Pistoia, Italy, and is in the Collection. Its publication so many decades after World War II, and nearly 40 years after Damiani's death, suggests the continued vitality of his ideas.<br /><br />The publisher, the Biblioteca de <em>l'Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, is one of the best represented publishers in the Collection, with about 16 works.
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Newark
newspaper press
-
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ade75ad32eb23157a3fdae640f805801
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Histories, philosophy, biographies, directories, almanacs, annuals, religious, educational, and travel literature</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
These largely non-political works reflect a broad pallette of non-fiction reflections on the history of Italians in the U.S., travel literature, biographies (like that of the Peanut King, Obici), or the religious, like Sister, later Mother, and final Saint Cabrini.
Description
An account of the resource
In these non-fiction works, Italians reflected upon themselves and their American experiences. Representing the non-<em>sovversivi</em> type of immigrant, who were more interested in becoming American and “making it” in America than in stoking class warfare and remaking society, They began to place themselves in the context of contemporary American society and the history in America. <br /><br />The release in 1921 of Alfredo Bosi’s <em>Cinquant’anni di vita italiana in America</em>, the first history of Italians in the United States, represented a watershed - the first 50 years of Italians in America - and allegedly arose from a conversation between journalist Bosi and King Vittorio Emanuele of Italy in 1901, in which the king expressed curiosity about the Italian colony in America. <br /><br />Luigi Roversi’s biography of Palma di Cesnola proudly places that Italian within the august homes of white Anglo-Saxon Protestant America, into which di Cesnola had married, and where he ruled as the first director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. <br /><br />More than the first half of Flamma’s “biography” of the greatest mayor New York City had ever seen, Fiorello LaGuardia, has little to do with La Guardia, unfortunately, but the work did reflect his obvious pride that after electing mayors in 29 other cities, Italians “finally” elected (in 1933) a mayor of Italian heritage to the country’s most important city. <br /><br />The directories discussed here, from New York to San Francisco, provide a particularly rich source of information about the different businesses and professions Italians had in virtually every state of the union, from as early as the 1880s (in San Francisco) to the first few decades of the 20th Century (primarily in New York).
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em><strong>Berneri in Ispagna</strong></em> [Berneri in Spain]. <strong>Newark: Biblioteca de <em>L'</em><em>Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, 1937.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
Deported to Italy from the U.S. in 1919 with his leader, Luigi Galleani, author Schiavina returned illegally to the U.S. in 1928 using the name Max Sartin, editing <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em> under that name until its demise in 1971. (Schiavina died in 1987.)<br /><br />This work is his tribute to Camillo Berneri (b. 1897, Lodi - d. 1937, Barcelona), Italian anarchist who participated in the Spanish Civil War and who was assassinated in Barcelona by Stalinists in 1937.<br /><br />For Schiavina's biography, see the description in <em>La guerra che viene. </em>To see some of his works, search for "Max Sartin."
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Max Sartin
[Raffaele Schiavina]
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Bib. de l'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1937
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
17 x 12cm; 40 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1931-1940
anarchist
Durante
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Max Sartin (Raffaele Schiavina)
Newark
newspaper press
-
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1883f8aafa9fac55fc745488809e616a
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em><strong>Il sistema rappresentativo e l'ideale</strong></em> [The Representative System and the Ideal].<strong> Newark: Biblioteca de <em>L'</em><em>Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, 1945.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
While published in Newark, this work was printed in France at the "Imprimerie Commerciale de la Tribune Républicaine, Saint-Étienne".<br /><br />For a fuller bio of Max Sartin, see the description in <em>La guerra che viene.</em>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Max Sartin
[Raffaele Schiavina]
Publisher
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Bib. de l'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
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1945
Format
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16.5 x 12cm; 48 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1941-1950
anarchist
Durante
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Max Sartin (Raffaele Schiavina)
Newark
newspaper press
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16cfe60913fd49d1c37b4a816c333a7c
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
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Title
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<strong><em>La guerra che viene</em> </strong>[The War that is Coming]. <strong>Newark: Biblioteca de l'<em>Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, 1939.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
Deported to Italy from the U.S. with Galleani, Max Sartin, whose real name was Rafaelle Schiavina (b. San Carlo (Ferrara), Italy, April 8, 1894 – d. New York, 1987) returned illegaly to the U.S. in 1928, editing <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em> until its demise in 1971.<br /><br />Conceived as the heir to the <em>Cronaca Sovversiva</em> post-Galleani, on April 15, 1922 <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em> (The Gathering of the Unwilling) was initiated as a fortnightly. Directed by Costantino Zonchello and then, briefly, Ilario Margarita, its purpose was to support Sacco and Vanzetti and to serve as an antifascist bulwark. The Collection has a few (but later) issues of <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari.</em><br /><br />Upon his return from Paris in 1928, Schiavina became its editor, first using the pseudonym “Max Sartin.” To review his travels in the U.S.: Schiavina had earned a diploma as an accountant, which was useful to him in obtaining his first employment in America, where he emigrated in 1913, settling in Brockton, Massachusetts. Initially an adherent of socialism, he was influenced by reading Kropotkin’s <em>Memorie</em> (Memoirs), and in 1914 he began to frequent anarchist circles. <br /><br />He subscribed to the <em>Cronaca Sovversiva</em> and became acquainted with Galleani. In 1916, the latter committed the administration of his newspaper to Schiavina, together with Carlo Valdinoci. Schiavina established himself in Lynn, Massachusetts, and began to write articles and give lectures. <br /><br />On September 25, 1916, he experienced his first arrest, with Mario Buda and Federico Cari, for an antiwar demonstration in Boston, and was subsequently released. In 1917, on the occasion of the arrest of Galleani, he hid the list of subscribers to the newspaper. In that same year, soon after delivering an antiwar speech in New York, he was also arrested. After being released again, he was able to return to work on the newspaper. He never abandoned the newspaper, even when the main part of Galleani’s group became expatriates in Mexico to avoid conscription to fight in World War I. <br /><br />Sartin was suspected of being involved in the plot to dynamite Youngstown. After his arrest and that of Ella Antolini in Chicago in January 1918, Schiavina was put on trial and was condemned to a year of hard labor for failing to appear for the draft. He served his sentence in the prison of East Cambridge, after which on June 24, 1919, he was sent to Ellis Island to be deported to Italy, together with Galleani and seven other anarchists. <br /><br />In 1920, along with Galleani, he brought the <em>Cronaca Sovversiva</em> back to life in Turin, succeeding also in circulating the newspaper clandestinely in the United States, but in October of that year, the Italian police authorities definitively suppressed the newspaper.<br /><br />With the advent of fascism, Schiavina decided to expatriate. In March 1923, after having passed through Ferrara to see his mother and sister for the last time, he left for Paris, where he established contacts with Italians in political exile. He created the newspapers <em>La Difesa per Sacco e Vanzetti</em> (The Defense of Sacco and Vanzetti, 1923) and <em>Il Mondo</em> (The World, 1925–28) and published the volume <em>Sacco e Vanzetti: Cause e fini di un delitto di stato</em> [Sacco and Vanzetti: Causes and Goals of a State Crime], 1927.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Max Sartin
[Raffaele Schiavina]
Publisher
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Bib. de l'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1939
Format
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18.5 x 12cm; 40 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1931-1940
anarchist
Durante
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Max Sartin (Raffaele Schiavina)
Newark
newspaper press
pamphlet
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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<em>Histories, philosophy, biographies, directories, almanacs, annuals, religious, educational, and travel literature</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
These largely non-political works reflect a broad pallette of non-fiction reflections on the history of Italians in the U.S., travel literature, biographies (like that of the Peanut King, Obici), or the religious, like Sister, later Mother, and final Saint Cabrini.
Description
An account of the resource
In these non-fiction works, Italians reflected upon themselves and their American experiences. Representing the non-<em>sovversivi</em> type of immigrant, who were more interested in becoming American and “making it” in America than in stoking class warfare and remaking society, They began to place themselves in the context of contemporary American society and the history in America. <br /><br />The release in 1921 of Alfredo Bosi’s <em>Cinquant’anni di vita italiana in America</em>, the first history of Italians in the United States, represented a watershed - the first 50 years of Italians in America - and allegedly arose from a conversation between journalist Bosi and King Vittorio Emanuele of Italy in 1901, in which the king expressed curiosity about the Italian colony in America. <br /><br />Luigi Roversi’s biography of Palma di Cesnola proudly places that Italian within the august homes of white Anglo-Saxon Protestant America, into which di Cesnola had married, and where he ruled as the first director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. <br /><br />More than the first half of Flamma’s “biography” of the greatest mayor New York City had ever seen, Fiorello LaGuardia, has little to do with La Guardia, unfortunately, but the work did reflect his obvious pride that after electing mayors in 29 other cities, Italians “finally” elected (in 1933) a mayor of Italian heritage to the country’s most important city. <br /><br />The directories discussed here, from New York to San Francisco, provide a particularly rich source of information about the different businesses and professions Italians had in virtually every state of the union, from as early as the 1880s (in San Francisco) to the first few decades of the 20th Century (primarily in New York).
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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<em><strong>America! America!: atti e memorie del popolo</strong></em> [America! America! Acts and Memoirs of the People]. <strong>Casalvelino Scalo [Salerno]: Ed. Giuseppe Galzerano, 1979 [1981].</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
Antonio Margariti (b. Ferruzzano, Reggio Calabria, Italy, 1891 – d. Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, 1981) published these memoirs in 1979 at age 87. This "savage and touching" book (Durante) awakened a vast interest, so much so as to be a finalist for the Viareggio Literary Prize. <br /><br />The education of the poor Calabrian immigrant took place entirely in America through his frequenting of anarchist circles; Margariti committed himself, among other things, to the circulation of <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em> and of <em>Il Martello</em>, as well as to committees for Sacco and Vanzetti and to antifascist initiatives.<br /><br />For Margariti and many other immigrants, the anarchist circle represented therefore a social occasion that, for the first time, allowed them to attend theatrical events, concerts, picnics, and dances. It also offered educational opportunities, a school for critical thinking (often a real school, with teachers, courses, and classes). Here one could better define and give historical breadth to those spontaneous and rebellious inclinations that the helpless confrontation with priests, bosses, and all sorts of profiteers had nurtured for a long time. <br /><br />Workers from all over the country became <em>galleanisti</em> (followers of Galleani), even if this did not mean that they were strict observers of the famous leader’s doctrine. These memoirs, written in Calabrian dialect by the unlettered Margariti, were translated into Italian by the publisher.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Antonio Margariti
Publisher
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Ed. Giuseppe Galzerano
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979 [1981]
Format
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19.5 x 14cm; 136 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
anarchist
anti-fascist
Calabria
dialect
Il Martello
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
memoir
Salerno
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79c99d3ec2e55c1ce8264053ba3d4b7f
Dublin Core
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Title
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<em>Political subversives I: The bibliographic travels of Luigi Galleani and Armando Borghi</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Consistent with their travels to speak with their "disciples" and the international nature of anarchism, these two leaders, Galleani and Borghi, also published in a wide variety of places in the U.S., Italy and elsewhere. Doing so was often a function of evading crackdowns on subversives by U.S. postal authorities, or in Borghi's case, avoiding being imprisoned and possibly killed in Italy during the Mussolini years, when publishers, printers and authors all lived in fear.
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Luigi Galleani</em> <br /><br />Galleani was one of the anarchist movement’s most eloquent writers and spellbinding orators, heir to the great Errico Malatesta in Italy and elsewhere, a political agitator and charismatic anarchist leader, and a prolific political publisher. <br /><br />Mentor to Sacco and Vanzetti, the peripatetic Galleani was born in Italy, and lived in various venues in the U.S. from 1901 until he was deported back to Italy in 1919. He first settled in Paterson, New Jersey in 1901 to be the editor of the then-most important anarchist journal, <em>La Questione Sociale</em>. <span style="font-weight:400;">Then, after starting the newspaper </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">[Subversive Chronicle] </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">in 1903, he moved to Lynn, Mass. (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Madri d’Italia</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">, under the pseudonym Mentana), until the postmaster in Lynn refused to mail </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> and his books, at which time he repaired to Barre, Vermont (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Verso il comunismo</span></i>, among other examples of publications from that venue). <br /><br />He was prosecuted for violating anti-leftist laws, especially the 1918 Anarchist Exclusion Act. This act, which permitted the government to shut down publication of the Cronaca Sovversiva in that year (and deport Galleani and other editors of the newspaper subsequently), had been passed by Congress largely in response to the bombings that Galleani incited his followers to undertake (see his <em>Faccia a faccia col nemico</em>) through his publications as well as his personal direction: he even published a manual on how to make bombs (“La salute è in voi!” [Your salvation is up to you!]). <br /><br />Galleani’s deportation in 1919 arose as much from his newspaper and pamphlet publications that were themselves regarded by the authorities as incitements to violence, as it did from his actual and attempted bombings. He and his followers of the individualist school of anarchism were wary of not only electoral politics but also of syndicalism, i.e., the use of trade unions to bring industry and government under the control by direct action, such as strikes and sabotage, the preferred methods of Carlo Tresca, among others. Because of these doctrinal differences, as well as Tresca’s immense personal charm and popularity, Galleani’s followers were even more determined to destroy the reputation and thus the effectiveness of Tresca, despite the anti-fascist views they shared in the 1920s and 1930s. <br /><br />Like his unlikely ally Armando Borghi, Galleani was internationally well known, so that even his deportation from the U.S. hardly put a stop to his influence. <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em> (The Gathering of the Recalcitrants) became the successor newspaper to <em>La Cronaca Sovversiva</em> after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, begun and run by his followers in the U.S. after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, and edited by Raffaele Schiavina. Its publishing arm released many full-length works (typically, collections of shorter pieces) like those exhibited here, as well as pamphlets, sometimes without Galleani’s authorization, due to his being unreachable in exile on the island of Lipari. <br /><br /><em>L’Adunata</em> also published Galleani in Europe, e.g., in Rome as late as 1947, often using the same printer’s mark (a mermaid-like torchbearer) he used in the earliest of his works. The international character of the movement had long been clear: in one work, readers of an Italian-language edition of <em>Organizzazione e anarchia</em>, published in Paris (by L. Chauvet) sometime after 1925, are urged in a message in the inside rear cover to buy a copy of Galleani’s <em>La fine dell’anarchismo?</em>, published in the United States (Newark) in 1925. <br /><br /><em>Armando Borghi</em><br /><br />Armando Borghi’s unflattering biography of Mussolini (<em>Mussolini in camicia</em>) was too dangerous to be released in Italy: after Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922, publishing a work criticizing Mussolini soon became impossible. Simply for speaking in the Italian Parliament in June 1924 against fraud (and violence) employed by Mussolini in the recent election, United Socialist Party chief Giacomo Matteotti was within days thereafter murdered by the fascists, a politically explosive development that became a rallying cry of anti-fascists for many years. <br /><br />In 1925, measures that gave the government powers to gag the press were passed. Emergency laws in 1926 suppressed every political party and every newspaper other than those of the fascists. It was in that context that anarcho-syndicalist Borghi arrived in the U.S. in or about November 1926, where he was joined by his lover, Virgilia D’Andrea (see her works in the collection). Shortly thereafter, in 1927 he published <em>Mussolini in camicia</em> in Italian in the only safe place to do so at the time, New York. This work became internationally popular, was translated into French and published in Paris (1932), in Amsterdam in Dutch (1933) - the collection has recently (in 2021) acquired a Dutch copy - , and then translated into English from the French edition, not the Italian original, and published in London (1935). <br /><br /><em>Mussolini in camicia</em> was again published to America, but in English, in 1938 using the same British translation, and was not published in Italy until 1947, not long after the war’s end and Mussolini’s execution. In Italy, Borghi ranked second only to the legendary Errico Malatesta as its most important anarchist, so that when he arrived in the U.S., Borghi expected to be the foremost Italian anarchist there (Galleani having been deported some years before). <br /><br />However, Carlo Tresca, director of <em>Il Martello</em>, who as a fellow “organization” anarchist might otherwise have been his natural ally, was in the way, and Borghi surprisingly thus aligned himself with the anti-organizational anarchist Galleanisti and their <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, a move that he eventually came to regret. Like the Galleanisti, Borghi attacked Tresca not only on ideological grounds but also on personal ones.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<strong><em>Figure e figuri. Medaglioni </em></strong>[Characters and suspicious types. Sketches]. <strong>Newark: Biblioteca de <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, 1930.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
<span>The articles collected here were originally published in <em>La Questione</em> or<em> Cronaca Sovversiva</em> between 1901 and 1920. This is a collection of Galleani’s articles on various important movement characters, Italian and otherwise, published by the book-publishing arm of the newspaper begun by Raffaele Schiavina and other Galleanisti after Galleani was deported in 1919, and the similarly deported Schiavina (using the pseudonym Max Sartin) had returned to the U.S. illegally.<br /><br />The preface states that this volume was published during Galleani’s exile on the island of Lipari, and thus without his express consent. Galleani lived in confinement and isolation on Lipari from 1926 until shortly before his death in 1930 or 1931.<br /></span>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Luigi Galleani
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Biblioteca de L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1930
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
23 x 15cm; 232 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1921-1930
anarchist
Durante
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Luigi Galleani
Newark
newspaper press
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ce927cfaa8f6fdb288258450e9401592
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives I: The bibliographic travels of Luigi Galleani and Armando Borghi</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Consistent with their travels to speak with their "disciples" and the international nature of anarchism, these two leaders, Galleani and Borghi, also published in a wide variety of places in the U.S., Italy and elsewhere. Doing so was often a function of evading crackdowns on subversives by U.S. postal authorities, or in Borghi's case, avoiding being imprisoned and possibly killed in Italy during the Mussolini years, when publishers, printers and authors all lived in fear.
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Luigi Galleani</em> <br /><br />Galleani was one of the anarchist movement’s most eloquent writers and spellbinding orators, heir to the great Errico Malatesta in Italy and elsewhere, a political agitator and charismatic anarchist leader, and a prolific political publisher. <br /><br />Mentor to Sacco and Vanzetti, the peripatetic Galleani was born in Italy, and lived in various venues in the U.S. from 1901 until he was deported back to Italy in 1919. He first settled in Paterson, New Jersey in 1901 to be the editor of the then-most important anarchist journal, <em>La Questione Sociale</em>. <span style="font-weight:400;">Then, after starting the newspaper </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">[Subversive Chronicle] </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">in 1903, he moved to Lynn, Mass. (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Madri d’Italia</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">, under the pseudonym Mentana), until the postmaster in Lynn refused to mail </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> and his books, at which time he repaired to Barre, Vermont (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Verso il comunismo</span></i>, among other examples of publications from that venue). <br /><br />He was prosecuted for violating anti-leftist laws, especially the 1918 Anarchist Exclusion Act. This act, which permitted the government to shut down publication of the Cronaca Sovversiva in that year (and deport Galleani and other editors of the newspaper subsequently), had been passed by Congress largely in response to the bombings that Galleani incited his followers to undertake (see his <em>Faccia a faccia col nemico</em>) through his publications as well as his personal direction: he even published a manual on how to make bombs (“La salute è in voi!” [Your salvation is up to you!]). <br /><br />Galleani’s deportation in 1919 arose as much from his newspaper and pamphlet publications that were themselves regarded by the authorities as incitements to violence, as it did from his actual and attempted bombings. He and his followers of the individualist school of anarchism were wary of not only electoral politics but also of syndicalism, i.e., the use of trade unions to bring industry and government under the control by direct action, such as strikes and sabotage, the preferred methods of Carlo Tresca, among others. Because of these doctrinal differences, as well as Tresca’s immense personal charm and popularity, Galleani’s followers were even more determined to destroy the reputation and thus the effectiveness of Tresca, despite the anti-fascist views they shared in the 1920s and 1930s. <br /><br />Like his unlikely ally Armando Borghi, Galleani was internationally well known, so that even his deportation from the U.S. hardly put a stop to his influence. <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em> (The Gathering of the Recalcitrants) became the successor newspaper to <em>La Cronaca Sovversiva</em> after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, begun and run by his followers in the U.S. after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, and edited by Raffaele Schiavina. Its publishing arm released many full-length works (typically, collections of shorter pieces) like those exhibited here, as well as pamphlets, sometimes without Galleani’s authorization, due to his being unreachable in exile on the island of Lipari. <br /><br /><em>L’Adunata</em> also published Galleani in Europe, e.g., in Rome as late as 1947, often using the same printer’s mark (a mermaid-like torchbearer) he used in the earliest of his works. The international character of the movement had long been clear: in one work, readers of an Italian-language edition of <em>Organizzazione e anarchia</em>, published in Paris (by L. Chauvet) sometime after 1925, are urged in a message in the inside rear cover to buy a copy of Galleani’s <em>La fine dell’anarchismo?</em>, published in the United States (Newark) in 1925. <br /><br /><em>Armando Borghi</em><br /><br />Armando Borghi’s unflattering biography of Mussolini (<em>Mussolini in camicia</em>) was too dangerous to be released in Italy: after Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922, publishing a work criticizing Mussolini soon became impossible. Simply for speaking in the Italian Parliament in June 1924 against fraud (and violence) employed by Mussolini in the recent election, United Socialist Party chief Giacomo Matteotti was within days thereafter murdered by the fascists, a politically explosive development that became a rallying cry of anti-fascists for many years. <br /><br />In 1925, measures that gave the government powers to gag the press were passed. Emergency laws in 1926 suppressed every political party and every newspaper other than those of the fascists. It was in that context that anarcho-syndicalist Borghi arrived in the U.S. in or about November 1926, where he was joined by his lover, Virgilia D’Andrea (see her works in the collection). Shortly thereafter, in 1927 he published <em>Mussolini in camicia</em> in Italian in the only safe place to do so at the time, New York. This work became internationally popular, was translated into French and published in Paris (1932), in Amsterdam in Dutch (1933) - the collection has recently (in 2021) acquired a Dutch copy - , and then translated into English from the French edition, not the Italian original, and published in London (1935). <br /><br /><em>Mussolini in camicia</em> was again published to America, but in English, in 1938 using the same British translation, and was not published in Italy until 1947, not long after the war’s end and Mussolini’s execution. In Italy, Borghi ranked second only to the legendary Errico Malatesta as its most important anarchist, so that when he arrived in the U.S., Borghi expected to be the foremost Italian anarchist there (Galleani having been deported some years before). <br /><br />However, Carlo Tresca, director of <em>Il Martello</em>, who as a fellow “organization” anarchist might otherwise have been his natural ally, was in the way, and Borghi surprisingly thus aligned himself with the anti-organizational anarchist Galleanisti and their <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, a move that he eventually came to regret. Like the Galleanisti, Borghi attacked Tresca not only on ideological grounds but also on personal ones.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em><strong>Aneliti e singulti. Medaglioni</strong> </em>[Yearnings and Sobs. Sketches]. <strong>Newark: Biblioteca de <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, 1935.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
This work was <em>published</em> in Newark by the <em>Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, the successor to the <em>Cronaca Sovversiv</em>a led by Raffaele Schiavina (Max Sartin) after his <em>sub rosa</em> return to America some time after his deportation in 1919. <br /><br />However, this work was actually <em>printed</em> in Italy (Industria Grafica Speroni, Milano). I have not observed this practice in any of the other works published by the <em>Adunata</em>, but it was not at all unusual for such Italian works published by other U.S. publishers in this period to be printed in Italy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Luigi Galleani
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Biblioteca de L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1935
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
22 x 15.5cm; 363 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1931-1940
anarchist
Durante
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Luigi Galleani
Newark
newspaper press
-
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bc0ee5ef58219f7fe00cb170a37796e9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives I: The bibliographic travels of Luigi Galleani and Armando Borghi</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Consistent with their travels to speak with their "disciples" and the international nature of anarchism, these two leaders, Galleani and Borghi, also published in a wide variety of places in the U.S., Italy and elsewhere. Doing so was often a function of evading crackdowns on subversives by U.S. postal authorities, or in Borghi's case, avoiding being imprisoned and possibly killed in Italy during the Mussolini years, when publishers, printers and authors all lived in fear.
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Luigi Galleani</em> <br /><br />Galleani was one of the anarchist movement’s most eloquent writers and spellbinding orators, heir to the great Errico Malatesta in Italy and elsewhere, a political agitator and charismatic anarchist leader, and a prolific political publisher. <br /><br />Mentor to Sacco and Vanzetti, the peripatetic Galleani was born in Italy, and lived in various venues in the U.S. from 1901 until he was deported back to Italy in 1919. He first settled in Paterson, New Jersey in 1901 to be the editor of the then-most important anarchist journal, <em>La Questione Sociale</em>. <span style="font-weight:400;">Then, after starting the newspaper </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">[Subversive Chronicle] </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">in 1903, he moved to Lynn, Mass. (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Madri d’Italia</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">, under the pseudonym Mentana), until the postmaster in Lynn refused to mail </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> and his books, at which time he repaired to Barre, Vermont (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Verso il comunismo</span></i>, among other examples of publications from that venue). <br /><br />He was prosecuted for violating anti-leftist laws, especially the 1918 Anarchist Exclusion Act. This act, which permitted the government to shut down publication of the Cronaca Sovversiva in that year (and deport Galleani and other editors of the newspaper subsequently), had been passed by Congress largely in response to the bombings that Galleani incited his followers to undertake (see his <em>Faccia a faccia col nemico</em>) through his publications as well as his personal direction: he even published a manual on how to make bombs (“La salute è in voi!” [Your salvation is up to you!]). <br /><br />Galleani’s deportation in 1919 arose as much from his newspaper and pamphlet publications that were themselves regarded by the authorities as incitements to violence, as it did from his actual and attempted bombings. He and his followers of the individualist school of anarchism were wary of not only electoral politics but also of syndicalism, i.e., the use of trade unions to bring industry and government under the control by direct action, such as strikes and sabotage, the preferred methods of Carlo Tresca, among others. Because of these doctrinal differences, as well as Tresca’s immense personal charm and popularity, Galleani’s followers were even more determined to destroy the reputation and thus the effectiveness of Tresca, despite the anti-fascist views they shared in the 1920s and 1930s. <br /><br />Like his unlikely ally Armando Borghi, Galleani was internationally well known, so that even his deportation from the U.S. hardly put a stop to his influence. <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em> (The Gathering of the Recalcitrants) became the successor newspaper to <em>La Cronaca Sovversiva</em> after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, begun and run by his followers in the U.S. after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, and edited by Raffaele Schiavina. Its publishing arm released many full-length works (typically, collections of shorter pieces) like those exhibited here, as well as pamphlets, sometimes without Galleani’s authorization, due to his being unreachable in exile on the island of Lipari. <br /><br /><em>L’Adunata</em> also published Galleani in Europe, e.g., in Rome as late as 1947, often using the same printer’s mark (a mermaid-like torchbearer) he used in the earliest of his works. The international character of the movement had long been clear: in one work, readers of an Italian-language edition of <em>Organizzazione e anarchia</em>, published in Paris (by L. Chauvet) sometime after 1925, are urged in a message in the inside rear cover to buy a copy of Galleani’s <em>La fine dell’anarchismo?</em>, published in the United States (Newark) in 1925. <br /><br /><em>Armando Borghi</em><br /><br />Armando Borghi’s unflattering biography of Mussolini (<em>Mussolini in camicia</em>) was too dangerous to be released in Italy: after Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922, publishing a work criticizing Mussolini soon became impossible. Simply for speaking in the Italian Parliament in June 1924 against fraud (and violence) employed by Mussolini in the recent election, United Socialist Party chief Giacomo Matteotti was within days thereafter murdered by the fascists, a politically explosive development that became a rallying cry of anti-fascists for many years. <br /><br />In 1925, measures that gave the government powers to gag the press were passed. Emergency laws in 1926 suppressed every political party and every newspaper other than those of the fascists. It was in that context that anarcho-syndicalist Borghi arrived in the U.S. in or about November 1926, where he was joined by his lover, Virgilia D’Andrea (see her works in the collection). Shortly thereafter, in 1927 he published <em>Mussolini in camicia</em> in Italian in the only safe place to do so at the time, New York. This work became internationally popular, was translated into French and published in Paris (1932), in Amsterdam in Dutch (1933) - the collection has recently (in 2021) acquired a Dutch copy - , and then translated into English from the French edition, not the Italian original, and published in London (1935). <br /><br /><em>Mussolini in camicia</em> was again published to America, but in English, in 1938 using the same British translation, and was not published in Italy until 1947, not long after the war’s end and Mussolini’s execution. In Italy, Borghi ranked second only to the legendary Errico Malatesta as its most important anarchist, so that when he arrived in the U.S., Borghi expected to be the foremost Italian anarchist there (Galleani having been deported some years before). <br /><br />However, Carlo Tresca, director of <em>Il Martello</em>, who as a fellow “organization” anarchist might otherwise have been his natural ally, was in the way, and Borghi surprisingly thus aligned himself with the anti-organizational anarchist Galleanisti and their <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, a move that he eventually came to regret. Like the Galleanisti, Borghi attacked Tresca not only on ideological grounds but also on personal ones.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em><strong>Contro la guerra, contro la pace, per la rivoluzione sociale</strong> </em>[Against War, Against Peace, for the Social Revolution]. <strong>Newark: Biblioteca de <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, [c. 1930]</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
This work contains two essays of Galleani's, <em>Per la guerra, per la neutralita o per la pace?</em> (pp. 5-60) and<em> Contro la guerra, contro la pace, per la rivoluzione!</em> (lacking the word "sociale" at the end)(pp. 61-74), the first appearing to be the same but the second not, from the versions published in <em>Una battaglia.</em>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Luigi Galleani
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Biblioteca de L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[c. 1930]
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
22 x 15.5cm; 74 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1921-1930
anarchist
Durante
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Luigi Galleani
Newark
newspaper press
-
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57e5b1836a965452ed0894d71531ab65
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives I: The bibliographic travels of Luigi Galleani and Armando Borghi</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Consistent with their travels to speak with their "disciples" and the international nature of anarchism, these two leaders, Galleani and Borghi, also published in a wide variety of places in the U.S., Italy and elsewhere. Doing so was often a function of evading crackdowns on subversives by U.S. postal authorities, or in Borghi's case, avoiding being imprisoned and possibly killed in Italy during the Mussolini years, when publishers, printers and authors all lived in fear.
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Luigi Galleani</em> <br /><br />Galleani was one of the anarchist movement’s most eloquent writers and spellbinding orators, heir to the great Errico Malatesta in Italy and elsewhere, a political agitator and charismatic anarchist leader, and a prolific political publisher. <br /><br />Mentor to Sacco and Vanzetti, the peripatetic Galleani was born in Italy, and lived in various venues in the U.S. from 1901 until he was deported back to Italy in 1919. He first settled in Paterson, New Jersey in 1901 to be the editor of the then-most important anarchist journal, <em>La Questione Sociale</em>. <span style="font-weight:400;">Then, after starting the newspaper </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">[Subversive Chronicle] </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">in 1903, he moved to Lynn, Mass. (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Madri d’Italia</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">, under the pseudonym Mentana), until the postmaster in Lynn refused to mail </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> and his books, at which time he repaired to Barre, Vermont (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Verso il comunismo</span></i>, among other examples of publications from that venue). <br /><br />He was prosecuted for violating anti-leftist laws, especially the 1918 Anarchist Exclusion Act. This act, which permitted the government to shut down publication of the Cronaca Sovversiva in that year (and deport Galleani and other editors of the newspaper subsequently), had been passed by Congress largely in response to the bombings that Galleani incited his followers to undertake (see his <em>Faccia a faccia col nemico</em>) through his publications as well as his personal direction: he even published a manual on how to make bombs (“La salute è in voi!” [Your salvation is up to you!]). <br /><br />Galleani’s deportation in 1919 arose as much from his newspaper and pamphlet publications that were themselves regarded by the authorities as incitements to violence, as it did from his actual and attempted bombings. He and his followers of the individualist school of anarchism were wary of not only electoral politics but also of syndicalism, i.e., the use of trade unions to bring industry and government under the control by direct action, such as strikes and sabotage, the preferred methods of Carlo Tresca, among others. Because of these doctrinal differences, as well as Tresca’s immense personal charm and popularity, Galleani’s followers were even more determined to destroy the reputation and thus the effectiveness of Tresca, despite the anti-fascist views they shared in the 1920s and 1930s. <br /><br />Like his unlikely ally Armando Borghi, Galleani was internationally well known, so that even his deportation from the U.S. hardly put a stop to his influence. <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em> (The Gathering of the Recalcitrants) became the successor newspaper to <em>La Cronaca Sovversiva</em> after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, begun and run by his followers in the U.S. after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, and edited by Raffaele Schiavina. Its publishing arm released many full-length works (typically, collections of shorter pieces) like those exhibited here, as well as pamphlets, sometimes without Galleani’s authorization, due to his being unreachable in exile on the island of Lipari. <br /><br /><em>L’Adunata</em> also published Galleani in Europe, e.g., in Rome as late as 1947, often using the same printer’s mark (a mermaid-like torchbearer) he used in the earliest of his works. The international character of the movement had long been clear: in one work, readers of an Italian-language edition of <em>Organizzazione e anarchia</em>, published in Paris (by L. Chauvet) sometime after 1925, are urged in a message in the inside rear cover to buy a copy of Galleani’s <em>La fine dell’anarchismo?</em>, published in the United States (Newark) in 1925. <br /><br /><em>Armando Borghi</em><br /><br />Armando Borghi’s unflattering biography of Mussolini (<em>Mussolini in camicia</em>) was too dangerous to be released in Italy: after Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922, publishing a work criticizing Mussolini soon became impossible. Simply for speaking in the Italian Parliament in June 1924 against fraud (and violence) employed by Mussolini in the recent election, United Socialist Party chief Giacomo Matteotti was within days thereafter murdered by the fascists, a politically explosive development that became a rallying cry of anti-fascists for many years. <br /><br />In 1925, measures that gave the government powers to gag the press were passed. Emergency laws in 1926 suppressed every political party and every newspaper other than those of the fascists. It was in that context that anarcho-syndicalist Borghi arrived in the U.S. in or about November 1926, where he was joined by his lover, Virgilia D’Andrea (see her works in the collection). Shortly thereafter, in 1927 he published <em>Mussolini in camicia</em> in Italian in the only safe place to do so at the time, New York. This work became internationally popular, was translated into French and published in Paris (1932), in Amsterdam in Dutch (1933) - the collection has recently (in 2021) acquired a Dutch copy - , and then translated into English from the French edition, not the Italian original, and published in London (1935). <br /><br /><em>Mussolini in camicia</em> was again published to America, but in English, in 1938 using the same British translation, and was not published in Italy until 1947, not long after the war’s end and Mussolini’s execution. In Italy, Borghi ranked second only to the legendary Errico Malatesta as its most important anarchist, so that when he arrived in the U.S., Borghi expected to be the foremost Italian anarchist there (Galleani having been deported some years before). <br /><br />However, Carlo Tresca, director of <em>Il Martello</em>, who as a fellow “organization” anarchist might otherwise have been his natural ally, was in the way, and Borghi surprisingly thus aligned himself with the anti-organizational anarchist Galleanisti and their <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, a move that he eventually came to regret. Like the Galleanisti, Borghi attacked Tresca not only on ideological grounds but also on personal ones.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
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Title
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<strong><em>Una battaglia </em></strong>[A Struggle].<strong> Roma: Biblioteca de <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, 1947.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
The first 65 pages of this work reprint and expand upon an earlier Galleani work, also in the Collection, <em>Contro la guerra – contro la pace – per la rivoluzione sociale</em>. In addition to the original essay, the work includes over fifty articles written from the beginning to the end of World War I. <br /><br />Published in Italy by the American anarchist newspaper that was the reincarnation of the old <em>Cronaca Sovversiva</em>, <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em> in the post-war period, <em>Una battaglia</em> was collected and designed to enable Italians in the homeland to gain a sense of what their co-nationals living in America were experiencing.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Luigi Galleani
Publisher
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Biblioteca de L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1947
Format
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20.5 x 15.5cm; 378 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1941-1950
anarchist
Durante
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Luigi Galleani
newspaper press
-
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ac70aa2a2db7c37659d93a77c2054a8b
Dublin Core
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Title
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<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
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Title
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<strong><em>Del delitto e delle pene nella società di domani </em></strong>[Of Crime and Punishment in the Society of Tomorrow].<strong> Newark: Biblioteca de <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, [1930].</strong>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Gigi Damiani
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Biblioteca de l'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1930]
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
18.5 x 12.5cm; 48 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
Description
An account of the resource
For a brief bio of Damiani, see entry for his <em>La bottega. </em>After the deaths of Galleani and Malatesta, the fascist regime considered Damiani, always on the move although never in the U.S., as the leader of Italian anarchism.
1921-1930
anarchist
Gigi Damiani
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
lecture
Newark
newspaper press
-
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fa810696d07edcd99a44e19a611f9c5b
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a80918c7b250c9c5c9005d7b038ec1b6
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<strong><em>Carlo Marx e Bacunin in Spagna </em></strong>[Karl Marx and Bakunin in Spain].<strong> Newark: Biblioteca de <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, 1939.</strong>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Gigi Damiani
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Biblioteca de l'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1939
Format
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17 x 12cm; 20 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
Description
An account of the resource
Mikhail Bakunin (or "Bacunin" in Italian) was one of the leading theorists of anarchism, a contemporary of Marx who split from Marx after the first International. Bakunin was thus a hero to the early Italian anarchists, including Malatesta, Galleani, Gori and others, including Damiani.<br /><br />For a brief bio of Damiani, see entry for his <em>La bottega. </em>After the deaths of Galleani and Malatesta, the fascist regime considered Damiani, always on the move although never in the U.S., as the leader of Italian anarchism.
1931-1940
essay
Gigi Damiani
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
New York
Newark
newspaper press
Virgilia D'Andrea
-
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6b0492fac5af6184adbbb27ed97cbe96
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2619178f2fb2d4f4637e72f8a47d21ab
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<strong><em>Fecondità: commedia sociale in due atti</em></strong> [Fertility: Social Comedy in two acts]. <strong>Newark: Biblioteca de <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, 1928.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
This is a social comedic drama published by the book publication arm of the anarchist newspaper <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em>. <br /><br />This 1928 publication is the earliest book in the Collection published by the newspaper which began life in 1922, founded by one of the leaders of the Galleanisti, Raffaele Schiavina (a/k/a Max Sartin), as a reincarnation of <em>La Cronaca Sovversiva.</em> The latter had ceased publication in 1919 when its founder Luigi Galleani, was deported from the U.S.<br /><br />For a brief bio of Damiani, see entry for his <em>La bottega. <br /><br /></em>After the deaths of Galleani and Malatesta, both of whom spent significant time in the U.S., the fascist regime considered Damiani, always on the move but never in the U.S., as the leader of Italian anarchism.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Gigi Damiani
"Simplicio"
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Biblioteca de L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1928
Format
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14.5 x 11cm; 23 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1921-1930
drama
Gigi Damiani
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Newark
newspaper press
-
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76398c6256d01e1b261830be7ca9a68a
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3a1b0e9b255521f91385a5bf2995e4e3
Dublin Core
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Title
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<em>Imaginative literature of the great migration: Fiction, poetry, drama, music, and art in books, magazines, and other works on paper</em>
Description
An account of the resource
During this period fiction, poetry and drama ranged from the sensational urban “mysteries” of Bernardino Ciambelli (never translated into English) to the arguably more literary and certainly more political fiction of Ezio Taddei. Unlike most of the others, Taddei enjoyed a significant, however brief, success in American intellectual circles, with English translations of most of his American works. Illustrations, such as those by Costantino Nivola (the first non-American admitted to the American Academy of Arts and Letters) in <em>Parole Colletive</em>, matched the sophistication of Taddei’s writing. Poetry was written largely in dialect rather than the standard Italian used by the novelists, could be found in the poetry, of Calicchiu Pucciu, or Francesco Sisca. Drama, more than the other genres, was largely though not exclusively devoted to political education, and was often the central entertainment of May Day picnics of Italian leftists consisting of performances of the plays of Gigi Damiani or other dramatists, discussed in Section VII. <br /><br />Italian American theatre began in New York in the 1870s. Theatre filled important emotional needs -- entertainment, a support system and social intercourse, supported by a network of fraternal and benevolent associations. Italian and European writers were introduced to immigrant audiences, whether in Italian, Neapolitan, Sicilian or other dialects. The Italian American experience furnished the subject matter for original plays written by Italian immigrant playwrights. <br /><br />Among them, Eduardo Migliaccio, known as Farfariello, who appears in one of the playbills advertising his performance here, made the Italian American immigrant the hero of his dramatic creations. Riccardo Cordiferro, several of whose play scripts appear here, concerned himself in his plays, as in his philosophical writings, with the social conditions of the Italian immigrant, and was less action-oriented than, say, the hard-core work of the <em>sovversivi</em>. Women in the theatre, like Ria Rosa, whose playbills appear here, enjoyed freedom and an outlet for creativity not available to women who played out their lives in traditional domestic roles. Antonio Maiori introduced Shakespeare to his immigrant audiences in his southern Italian dialect productions. <br /><br />Guglielmo Ricciardi, whose later memoirs appear in the collection, originated Italian American theatre in Brooklyn, and went on to a successful career in American theatre and cinema. Magazines reflected the politics of the publishers to a greater or lesser extent, whether of the nationalist (and later Fascist) <em>Il Carroccio</em>, or Arturo Giovannitti’s literary but also politically leftist <em>Vita</em>, Vincenzo Vacirca’s <em>Il Solco</em>, Ernesto Vallentini’s socialist <em>Zarathustra</em>, or Enrico Arrigoni’s anarchist-individualist <em>Eresia</em>, all of which are reflected in the collection. <br /><br />The generically (and gently) leftist and anti-clerical <em>La Follia di New York</em> was was one of the earliest, in the 1890s, begun by the Sisca family (of whom Alessandro, pen name Riccardo Cordiferro, was the most celebrated), and was perhaps the single longest-lived magazine published in Italian in the U.S. <br /><br />Cordiferro’s brother, Marziale Sisca, packaged the caricatures of the charismatic Enrico Caruso that adorned the pages of <em>La Follia</em> into a book that went through many editions, beginning in 1908 and continuing with an edition as late as 1965, which suggests that it financially sustained <em>La Follia</em>. <br /><br />Evidence of widespread cultural influence may be found in publications which included letters from enthusiastic readers or reviewers preceding or following the work itself, much like today’s review blurbs, and also lists of subscribers from around the entire country.
Subject
The topic of the resource
While the amount of political literature (anarchist, socialist, fascist) in the collection suggests its prevalence in the Italian American community, it might well be the great survival rate of those materials that's responsible. <br /><br />The non-political imaginative literature created in Italian by the Italian community in the U.S., richer in wildly varying qualities, philosophies and interests than the political literature perhaps, provide a three-dimensional view of the Italian community.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<strong><em>Viva Rambolot! (Bozzetto in un atto) </em></strong>[Viva Rambolot! Sketch in one act]. <strong>Newark: Biblioteca de <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, [n.d.]</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
This work depicts the domestic life of a prosecutor who tries to explain and justify his work activities to his daughter in the service of “the Law.”<br /><br />For a brief bio of Damiani (1876-1953), see entry for his <em>La bottega. </em>After the deaths of Galleani and Malatesta, the fascist regime considered Damiani, always on the move although never in the U.S., as the leader of Italian anarchism.<br /><br />While we do not know the date of publication of this work, it was advertised in the 1940 Damiani publication as one of several of Damiani's works in the Biblioteca de <em>l'Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, so it predates 1940.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Gigi Damiani
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Biblioteca de l'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[n.d.]
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
18.5 x 12.5cm; 24 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1931-1940
Detroit
drama
Gigi Damiani
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
newspaper press
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<strong><em>Due conferenze: chi siamo e che cosa vogliamo: patria e religione </em></strong>[Two Lectures: Who We Are and What do We Want: Homeland and Religion].<strong> Newark: Biblioteca de <em>L'</em><em>Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, 1947.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Due conferenze </em>includes two of D'Andrea's public speeches delivered during her lecture tours around the country - given in New York City on March 20, 1932 and (at Cooper Union) on January 6, 1929 - and published here in 1947 by the <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, the most internationally influential and longest-running anarchist journal started by Galleani’s <em>Cronaca Sovversivi</em> colleagues (edited by Raffaele Schiavina), i.e., the Galleanisti, after Galleani’s deportation in 1919.<br /><br />For a more complete biography, see the description in <em>Richiamo all'anarchia: protesta e proposta anarchica in otto conferenze pronunciate in terra d'esilio durante la dominazione fascista.</em><br /><br />Like <em>Il Martello</em> — and even, on the opposite side of the political spectrum, <em>Il Carroccio</em> — <em>L’Adunata</em> particularly sought out articles by women.
Creator
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Virgilia D'Andrea
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Biblioteca de L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1947
Format
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18.5 x 12cm; 63 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1941-1950
Durante
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
newspaper press
Virgilia D'Andrea
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e6a7bf06f7271453ab1c17bef693e4c0
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em><strong>Tormento </strong></em>[Torment]. <strong>Paris: La Fraternelle, 1929.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
In 1929 <em>La Fraternelle</em> in Paris published this, D'Andrea's first book of poetry, about her own personal anguish and social struggles, shortly after D'Andrea had entered the U.S. See <em>Richiamo all'anarchia</em> for her bio.<br /><br />Note, on the title page, that this is the "II Edizione: Dal V all'VIII migliaio," that is, the second edition, from 5,000 to 8,000 copies. Here's why a first book of poetry would have sold so well: the collection of poems had actually been published by her in 1922 in Italy, where she was then living, under the same title, where the Italian state immediately seized and banned all copies, charging her prose with the ability to disrupt public order and incite class hatred. <br /><br />Errico Malatesta had written the original Preface, dated April 1922, Rome, and that preface is reproduced in this later publication outside of Italy. Malatesta generously calls her "poetess of anarchy," worthy of filling the place left empty by Pietro Gori, who had died in 1911 - given Gori's enormous reputation and popularity, high praise indeed!<br /><br />On the rear cover, the price to purchase the work was given both in French francs and American dollars. By 1929, as noted, she had moved to the U.S. to be with her lover, Armando Borghi, and had immediately hit the major venues of the anarchist lecture circuit all throughout America, see <em>Richiamo all'anarchia</em>.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Virgilia D'Andrea
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
La Fraternelle
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1929
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
18 x 12cm; 30 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1921-1930
anarchist
Durante
Errico Malatesta
imported
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Paris
poetry
published in France
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5787ca2d7bb9b1ae1edd73031a82acab
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<strong><em>Il tramonto di Bacunin </em></strong>[The Decline of Bakunin].<strong> Newark: Biblioteca de <em>L'Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, 1939.</strong>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Armando Borghi
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Biblioteca de l'Adunata dei Refrattari
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1939
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
17 x 12cm; 56 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1931-1940
Armando Borghi
Bacunin
Durante
L'Adunata dei Refrattari
Newark
newspaper press