1 25 3 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/db5649cada3b353ab62d6ea0cf20dad5.jpg?Expires=1789603200&Signature=YNzKdRFGYaiz0-q8jds89Dl3NAcx2QnVMruhCEP4AuRIOd-DWc9jVCcfm5XZwzK3MD47oAClcwgst1L54KoZEB2eU29Tx5R29BOl4pRleaIUF0WMZVtdCGmtzQ0v96ruSuDYXaUIX8eAowAcAruYo-vcpZqwU9IL7grdzcqFtkXLLR5oruD11vpUPQewXGgZneorPktYPirS7Esud9CGBF7CnkWVabUWehHHYdkl0rE4Pl4uYHcrDbbNB9ovfxXRzHsc0Z6A9KW6BprUIMrhn7VibF-a9MN8-EXLGdY8md1aSzAZO4oVnO8PAjAPG3e3suQRO4P5RwRoiQMSFAp0rg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 89bf9eec250a12f6ef23d0c4d008f1ff https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/4664f08e5cad96c80f3bd9e8f9294751.jpg?Expires=1789603200&Signature=O-i8mfFvzhbgx%7EEC7x8kh3cInqcsQ197LAVSKUVpqP7zQdEUtE--WBQKLrSYLTSmbvCbFdEvuCzuh0pYVQO3WDbMnMLMgMjxzTHjAl8VD6VoWqkYHpZI%7Eb812g0E7liyVKjkLftzJWGX3myRKA5Dr6%7E2jDR3UhGNIKcuC4qdngWk4G5Lh0vYgeWCrnWoz1j5yfW4pMmazSIkPpwtnTB5u6f%7E7l5krF0a6xYz7HLLpqsMNLj9OuB%7ETJ5t9oESWPvyR9ZvWdoBEcdDCvEzBdOqDmxSd-XgQeq5BcJUZ2fGjMLw19V3AzBcOFtJz38z2xCvehyVZdWcOJ3nFqyP3MjiPQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 03ee0f444df4924a4d74cc0bedc14482 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource L'impostura religiosa: la chiesa: Prima traduzione dal francese [Religious Deception: the Church: first translation from the French]. New York: Casa Ed. "Il Martello", 1925. Description An account of the resource With a preface by Giuseppe Altieri, who is perhaps also the translator from French, although nothing in Altieri's preface suggests as much. There is no other information about the translator in the book. Sébastien Faure was a French anarchist, secularist (i.e., anti-clerical) and free-thought activist and proponent of synthesis anarchism (1858-1942). He engaged in politics as a socialist before becoming an anarchist in 1888. He wrote and lectured widely on the importance of the physical, intellectual and moral development of the individual. I find no evidence that the translation into Italian and publication by Carlo Tresca's Il Martello press resulted from any visit to the U.S. by Faure. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sébastien Faure Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Casa Ed. "Il Martello" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1925 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 19 x 13cm; 218 p. Language A language of the resource Italian anarchist-individual anti-clerical French original Il Martello New York newspaper press Sebastien Faure translated https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/5b465a9e4136a90e4738d0f26e903183.jpg?Expires=1789603200&Signature=tbLxpdX05KFKGP4SEYrIIzUTBGLG16Adsa1SUn6OymWU%7EppoJMA3cZGdYFqu-T8KkWlY%7E85i0bfsGqOTgzmQwrebF7TB-TUpkOUtWK1UfEoYmGsvv-F6FkNz1i9Mgn%7EaIESFPG6RZTWVOaUMa5RIpoTNMLUEFfb7IgBJGgs341Vk2fQAAyo4H3DG6yk9m0FpQyaMqDEyfYpdvMHq5xp8hmTF2Rr9eLuT67cO6k2SbXrhdZIWQDcN5hmV7uLiOECA3cN9UVnM0Ilyn-fPyRbarKbnRGMVfghk6XbTtiwZ0h4KQ3eEkd7QEqTFiJPc8jG9Weedq3Bl4lpVtfe2eDmsug__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 82d26372af6ba0a5e5197ff654f8ea74 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/20295d06468ad65b092dffefcb2032fa.jpg?Expires=1789603200&Signature=LsPkaxdhlZSE4iG%7EPApyG1rzPwv%7EsZgEgEskpWHrUU-uflFd4mUeRn20YcKJEm9rE4zUam13SIJiu1w3hQBMowulPtMIt%7Ec6YZZ68Pe0k4fEnpxiuRHwGTp08EHzAxam%7EMH3xodRvaYt%7ESuL0IHXa0EHNQKUJbuWU3dd6P4cv%7EmwbsH0HCUWYNslC40pFOMkomzrXe-OtPKysI6BFs%7EcweR5uoOFi%7EsF9R90seY%7EValR%7E2hwF2ROhmtHd0xp%7EKadYC244vRGVH3Z2tRGmwvpMe1kumCvzOntBbDZfY2VgSwUGQB2nxo2NjY0QEimtkB-GhSzfVLp0sN6v0PHF242Qw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f9808d9a6d22936e504a9eb1cf08e131 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Histories, philosophy, biographies, directories, bibliographies, almanacs, catalogues, annuals, religious, educational, and travel literature Subject The topic of the resource These largely non-political works reflect a broad pallette of non-fiction reflections on the history of Italians in the U.S., travel literature, biographies (like that of the Peanut King, Obici), or the religious, like Sister, later Mother, and final Saint Cabrini. Description An account of the resource In these non-fiction works, Italians reflected upon themselves and their American experiences. Representing the non-sovversivi type of immigrant, who were more interested in becoming American and “making it” in America than in stoking class warfare and remaking society, They began to place themselves in the context of contemporary American society and the history in America. The release in 1921 of Alfredo Bosi’s Cinquant’anni di vita italiana in America, the first history of Italians in the United States, represented a watershed - the first 50 years of Italians in America - and allegedly arose from a conversation between journalist Bosi and King Vittorio Emanuele of Italy in 1901, in which the king expressed curiosity about the Italian colony in America. Luigi Roversi’s biography of Palma di Cesnola proudly places that Italian within the august homes of white Anglo-Saxon Protestant America, into which di Cesnola had married, and where he ruled as the first director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. More than the first half of Flamma’s “biography” of the greatest mayor New York City had ever seen, Fiorello LaGuardia, has little to do with La Guardia, unfortunately, but the work did reflect his obvious pride that after electing mayors in 29 other cities, Italians “finally” elected (in 1933) a mayor of Italian heritage to the country’s most important city. The directories discussed here, from New York to San Francisco, provide a particularly rich source of information about the different businesses and professions Italians had in virtually every state of the union, from as early as the 1880s (in San Francisco) to the first few decades of the 20th Century (primarily in New York). Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource I delitti di Dio [God's Crimes]. Paterson: Libreria Sociologica, [1906?]. Description An account of the resource Although the author's name appears nowhere in this work itself, Sébastien Faure (1858-1942) is listed as the author on p. 3, under "opuscoli di propaganda antireligiosa" of the catalogue at the end of the 1908 Almanacco della Rivoluzione, q.v., published, of course, also by the Libreria Sociologica in Paterson. The date of publication is a guess, but it surely was in print prior to the 1908 Almanacco just cited. About this most important radical publisher: Libreria Sociologica, a bookstore as well as publisher, was founded in 1903 by noted anarchist Ninfa Baronio and her companion, silkweaver Firmino Gallo. After emigrating from Piemonte to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson, New Jersey</a>, Ninfa helped found Paterson's anarchist Gruppo Diritto all'Esistenza (Right to an Existence Group); co-founded a local feminist group and performed in feminist plays; and, with Gallo, with whom she had six children, ran the Libreria Sociologica, said by historian Kenyon Zimmer to be "America's richest storehouse of extreme radical literature." The Libreria Sociologica was a place where local anarchists gathered and bought Italian, French, and American anarchist literature, as well as Communist publications such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Communist">The New York Communist</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Russia_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia (newspaper)">Soviet Russia</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolutionary_Age" title="The Revolutionary Age">The Revolutionary Age</a>. In the back room, the Slovenian anarchist Franz Widmar operated his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Era_Nuova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Era Nuova (page does not exist)">L'Era Nuova</a> (New Era) press. In 1912, Firmino Gallo was arrested for displaying an anti-imperialist cartoon by Ludovico Caminita, q.v., in the bookstore window; he and Caminita were charged with inciting hostility against a foreign government. See Guglielmo, Living the Revolution in the Bibliography for the history of Baronio, Maria Roda and other important Italian women radicals in New York in that era. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource [Sébastien Faure] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Libreria Sociologica Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [1906?] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 18 x 12.5cm; 31 p. Language A language of the resource Italian 1901-1910 anti-clerical Libreria Sociologica Paterson Sebastien Faure https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/19202c5b4f14fb29ebd5de131dd81c62.jpg?Expires=1789603200&Signature=NntCKGpRR10OFscVADzjW8ONitun0I89N5gmdjn3TEEzT-XSwf1h0BBgwfZHpQ1WMwAVv6XQWiEDC5rg8k-QaKKKSZswa1XWAEG%7E1xmFxQJ8E1RpINldiwsyy0a%7Eflmsigrsb-YlisZDPcmeJSczwouB6KyKO1LyHZgGZ52bCW2obVNgtUYhMdOWsZwaKrFgDvviP-th0Pi8j3XP63jajmPC3ObpfxRe0stkA1Jtq8lzX2pI98Qilc9TeAsIgxhSvCWXMLKwpxHy6oW3yEXsHJj%7E7nJ0gVkKSVqc8oxYy3wGsc3HtVOjUXDEB8aqTz-AexHAueL8KTUaR1bcS5h%7EvQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8cca2c78b8ae36250d05876edbb555fd https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/58817/archive/files/141945163f3c34f347caa5a652ccc9d0.jpg?Expires=1789603200&Signature=YXdSgEHlUN%7ExcHOfAjBM7w4mqabRmGtZaUeXAF35w6l--rBblG8TaSqqWlHuhNoUqFgtHyhfxZLkERnflm60kh-PyIy%7Erlkv-sM0nL%7EEQ3xeOFmhmB403QErE3hRszDTvMAmvnwo0yibRmk3p3CpEwbgapHfVqhkzQ5CxsgV-K9IHoq%7EYvypbrRzx%7EEV3do9Xbq3XjlVeOpKs4QP0D-8g4YqKh7xvEtqfJTdURlkXlRme%7EjhbtGg3wzwjvqwAZyyY1F0272rCC5UwBQmDQlQpb%7E6NIu%7E3g%7EeyGrC4p2jXQOjgYo-PJq39jZuYYe%7EnPvLMSldheSqVip8IZX0DW2zow__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0ed6684fac92287473d564169abe2944 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Political subversives I: The bibliographic travels of Luigi Galleani and Armando Borghi Subject The topic of the resource Consistent with their travels to speak with their "disciples" and the international nature of anarchism, these two leaders, Galleani and Borghi, also published in a wide variety of places in the U.S., Italy and elsewhere. Doing so was often a function of evading crackdowns on subversives by U.S. postal authorities, or in Borghi's case, avoiding being imprisoned and possibly killed in Italy during the Mussolini years, when publishers, printers and authors all lived in fear. Description An account of the resource Luigi Galleani Galleani was one of the anarchist movement’s most eloquent writers and spellbinding orators, heir to the great Errico Malatesta in Italy and elsewhere, a political agitator and charismatic anarchist leader, and a prolific political publisher. Mentor to Sacco and Vanzetti, the peripatetic Galleani was born in Italy, and lived in various venues in the U.S. from 1901 until he was deported back to Italy in 1919. He first settled in Paterson, New Jersey in 1901 to be the editor of the then-most important anarchist journal, La Questione Sociale. Then, after starting the newspaper Cronaca Sovversiva [Subversive Chronicle] in 1903, he moved to Lynn, Mass. (see his Madri d’Italia, under the pseudonym Mentana), until the postmaster in Lynn refused to mail Cronaca Sovversiva and his books, at which time he repaired to Barre, Vermont (see his Verso il comunismo, among other examples of publications from that venue). He was prosecuted for violating anti-leftist laws, especially the 1918 Anarchist Exclusion Act. This act, which permitted the government to shut down publication of the Cronaca Sovversiva in that year (and deport Galleani and other editors of the newspaper subsequently), had been passed by Congress largely in response to the bombings that Galleani incited his followers to undertake (see his Faccia a faccia col nemico) through his publications as well as his personal direction: he even published a manual on how to make bombs (“La salute è in voi!” [Your salvation is up to you!]). Galleani’s deportation in 1919 arose as much from his newspaper and pamphlet publications that were themselves regarded by the authorities as incitements to violence, as it did from his actual and attempted bombings. He and his followers of the individualist school of anarchism were wary of not only electoral politics but also of syndicalism, i.e., the use of trade unions to bring industry and government under the control by direct action, such as strikes and sabotage, the preferred methods of Carlo Tresca, among others. Because of these doctrinal differences, as well as Tresca’s immense personal charm and popularity, Galleani’s followers were even more determined to destroy the reputation and thus the effectiveness of Tresca, despite the anti-fascist views they shared in the 1920s and 1930s. Like his unlikely ally Armando Borghi, Galleani was internationally well known, so that even his deportation from the U.S. hardly put a stop to his influence. L’Adunata dei Refrattari (The Gathering of the Recalcitrants) became the successor newspaper to La Cronaca Sovversiva after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, begun and run by his followers in the U.S. after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, and edited by Raffaele Schiavina. Its publishing arm released many full-length works (typically, collections of shorter pieces) like those exhibited here, as well as pamphlets, sometimes without Galleani’s authorization, due to his being unreachable in exile on the island of Lipari. L’Adunata also published Galleani in Europe, e.g., in Rome as late as 1947, often using the same printer’s mark (a mermaid-like torchbearer) he used in the earliest of his works. The international character of the movement had long been clear: in one work, readers of an Italian-language edition of Organizzazione e anarchia, published in Paris (by L. Chauvet) sometime after 1925, are urged in a message in the inside rear cover to buy a copy of Galleani’s La fine dell’anarchismo?, published in the United States (Newark) in 1925. Armando Borghi Armando Borghi’s unflattering biography of Mussolini (Mussolini in camicia) was too dangerous to be released in Italy: after Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922, publishing a work criticizing Mussolini soon became impossible. Simply for speaking in the Italian Parliament in June 1924 against fraud (and violence) employed by Mussolini in the recent election, United Socialist Party chief Giacomo Matteotti was within days thereafter murdered by the fascists, a politically explosive development that became a rallying cry of anti-fascists for many years. In 1925, measures that gave the government powers to gag the press were passed. Emergency laws in 1926 suppressed every political party and every newspaper other than those of the fascists. It was in that context that anarcho-syndicalist Borghi arrived in the U.S. in or about November 1926, where he was joined by his lover, Virgilia D’Andrea (see her works in the collection). Shortly thereafter, in 1927 he published Mussolini in camicia in Italian in the only safe place to do so at the time, New York. This work became internationally popular, was translated into French and published in Paris (1932), in Amsterdam in Dutch (1933) - the collection has recently (in 2021) acquired a Dutch copy - , and then translated into English from the French edition, not the Italian original, and published in London (1935). Mussolini in camicia was again published to America, but in English, in 1938 using the same British translation, and was not published in Italy until 1947, not long after the war’s end and Mussolini’s execution. In Italy, Borghi ranked second only to the legendary Errico Malatesta as its most important anarchist, so that when he arrived in the U.S., Borghi expected to be the foremost Italian anarchist there (Galleani having been deported some years before). However, Carlo Tresca, director of Il Martello, who as a fellow “organization” anarchist might otherwise have been his natural ally, was in the way, and Borghi surprisingly thus aligned himself with the anti-organizational anarchist Galleanisti and their L’Adunata dei Refrattari, a move that he eventually came to regret. Like the Galleanisti, Borghi attacked Tresca not only on ideological grounds but also on personal ones. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Errico Malatesta in 60 anni di lotte anarchiche: storia*critica*ricordi [Errico Malatesta in 60 Years of Anarchist Struggles: History, Criticism, Memories]. New York: Edizioni Sociali, 1933. Description An account of the resource Preface by Sébastien Faure. That the story of the transnational work of a figure like Malatesta was written in Italian, published in New York, and printed in Paris by an Italian printer, Tipografia Sociali, is testimony to the international nature of the anarchist movement. Borghi, the second ranking anarchist in Italy, after Malatesta, before he left for the U.S. in the mid-1920s, reviews 60 years of Malatesta’s life in this work, only a year or so of which was spent in the U.S. In addition to the book’s printing in Paris, the introduction by Faure, the French anarchist, is dated Paris, 1933. Originally a socialist, Faure (1858–1942) turned to anarchism in 1888, and developed his theory of synthesis anarchism, the notion that the physical, mental and moral development of man were all equally important. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Armando Borghi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Edizioni Sociali Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 18.5 x 13cm; 289 p. Language A language of the resource Italian 1931-1940 anarchist anti-fascist Armando Borghi Edizioni Sociali Errico Malatesta Luigi Galleani New York Paris printed in France Sebastien Faure