1
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527ecaaf4cfb39df6f38f5981a3b74cb
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives I: The bibliographic travels of Luigi Galleani and Armando Borghi</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Consistent with their travels to speak with their "disciples" and the international nature of anarchism, these two leaders, Galleani and Borghi, also published in a wide variety of places in the U.S., Italy and elsewhere. Doing so was often a function of evading crackdowns on subversives by U.S. postal authorities, or in Borghi's case, avoiding being imprisoned and possibly killed in Italy during the Mussolini years, when publishers, printers and authors all lived in fear.
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Luigi Galleani</em> <br /><br />Galleani was one of the anarchist movement’s most eloquent writers and spellbinding orators, heir to the great Errico Malatesta in Italy and elsewhere, a political agitator and charismatic anarchist leader, and a prolific political publisher. <br /><br />Mentor to Sacco and Vanzetti, the peripatetic Galleani was born in Italy, and lived in various venues in the U.S. from 1901 until he was deported back to Italy in 1919. He first settled in Paterson, New Jersey in 1901 to be the editor of the then-most important anarchist journal, <em>La Questione Sociale</em>. <span style="font-weight:400;">Then, after starting the newspaper </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">[Subversive Chronicle] </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">in 1903, he moved to Lynn, Mass. (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Madri d’Italia</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">, under the pseudonym Mentana), until the postmaster in Lynn refused to mail </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> and his books, at which time he repaired to Barre, Vermont (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Verso il comunismo</span></i>, among other examples of publications from that venue). <br /><br />He was prosecuted for violating anti-leftist laws, especially the 1918 Anarchist Exclusion Act. This act, which permitted the government to shut down publication of the Cronaca Sovversiva in that year (and deport Galleani and other editors of the newspaper subsequently), had been passed by Congress largely in response to the bombings that Galleani incited his followers to undertake (see his <em>Faccia a faccia col nemico</em>) through his publications as well as his personal direction: he even published a manual on how to make bombs (“La salute è in voi!” [Your salvation is up to you!]). <br /><br />Galleani’s deportation in 1919 arose as much from his newspaper and pamphlet publications that were themselves regarded by the authorities as incitements to violence, as it did from his actual and attempted bombings. He and his followers of the individualist school of anarchism were wary of not only electoral politics but also of syndicalism, i.e., the use of trade unions to bring industry and government under the control by direct action, such as strikes and sabotage, the preferred methods of Carlo Tresca, among others. Because of these doctrinal differences, as well as Tresca’s immense personal charm and popularity, Galleani’s followers were even more determined to destroy the reputation and thus the effectiveness of Tresca, despite the anti-fascist views they shared in the 1920s and 1930s. <br /><br />Like his unlikely ally Armando Borghi, Galleani was internationally well known, so that even his deportation from the U.S. hardly put a stop to his influence. <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em> (The Gathering of the Recalcitrants) became the successor newspaper to <em>La Cronaca Sovversiva</em> after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, begun and run by his followers in the U.S. after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, and edited by Raffaele Schiavina. Its publishing arm released many full-length works (typically, collections of shorter pieces) like those exhibited here, as well as pamphlets, sometimes without Galleani’s authorization, due to his being unreachable in exile on the island of Lipari. <br /><br /><em>L’Adunata</em> also published Galleani in Europe, e.g., in Rome as late as 1947, often using the same printer’s mark (a mermaid-like torchbearer) he used in the earliest of his works. The international character of the movement had long been clear: in one work, readers of an Italian-language edition of <em>Organizzazione e anarchia</em>, published in Paris (by L. Chauvet) sometime after 1925, are urged in a message in the inside rear cover to buy a copy of Galleani’s <em>La fine dell’anarchismo?</em>, published in the United States (Newark) in 1925. <br /><br /><em>Armando Borghi</em><br /><br />Armando Borghi’s unflattering biography of Mussolini (<em>Mussolini in camicia</em>) was too dangerous to be released in Italy: after Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922, publishing a work criticizing Mussolini soon became impossible. Simply for speaking in the Italian Parliament in June 1924 against fraud (and violence) employed by Mussolini in the recent election, United Socialist Party chief Giacomo Matteotti was within days thereafter murdered by the fascists, a politically explosive development that became a rallying cry of anti-fascists for many years. <br /><br />In 1925, measures that gave the government powers to gag the press were passed. Emergency laws in 1926 suppressed every political party and every newspaper other than those of the fascists. It was in that context that anarcho-syndicalist Borghi arrived in the U.S. in or about November 1926, where he was joined by his lover, Virgilia D’Andrea (see her works in the collection). Shortly thereafter, in 1927 he published <em>Mussolini in camicia</em> in Italian in the only safe place to do so at the time, New York. This work became internationally popular, was translated into French and published in Paris (1932), in Amsterdam in Dutch (1933) - the collection has recently (in 2021) acquired a Dutch copy - , and then translated into English from the French edition, not the Italian original, and published in London (1935). <br /><br /><em>Mussolini in camicia</em> was again published to America, but in English, in 1938 using the same British translation, and was not published in Italy until 1947, not long after the war’s end and Mussolini’s execution. In Italy, Borghi ranked second only to the legendary Errico Malatesta as its most important anarchist, so that when he arrived in the U.S., Borghi expected to be the foremost Italian anarchist there (Galleani having been deported some years before). <br /><br />However, Carlo Tresca, director of <em>Il Martello</em>, who as a fellow “organization” anarchist might otherwise have been his natural ally, was in the way, and Borghi surprisingly thus aligned himself with the anti-organizational anarchist Galleanisti and their <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, a move that he eventually came to regret. Like the Galleanisti, Borghi attacked Tresca not only on ideological grounds but also on personal ones.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<em><strong>Mussolini in zijn hemd </strong></em>[Mussolini in a Nightshirt]<strong>. Amsterdam: N.V. De Arbeiderspers, [1933].</strong>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Armando Borghi
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
N.V. De Arbeiderspers
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
19.5x13.5cm; 190 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Dutch
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Anyone wondering why the collection would include a book printed in Dutch will want to consult the main entry for the first Italian publication, in New York, of Armando Borghi's <em>Mussolini in camicia</em>.<br /><br />This is the Dutch translation of that work: s<span style="font-weight:400;">hortly after arriving in America in the wake of Mussolini's repression of the press, Borghi in 1927 published </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Mussolini in camicia </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">in Italian in the only safe place to do so at the time, New York. <br /><br />This work became internationally popular, was translated into French and published in Paris (1932), in Amsterdam in Dutch (1933), and then translated into English from the French edition, not the Italian original, and published in London (1935). <br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">The collection contains all these editions, as well as two post-World War II editions published in Italy, in 1947, when it was finally safe to do so, and in 1961, which attests to the continuing interest in the work.</span></p>
1931-1940
anarchist
anti-fascist
Mussolini
translated
-
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08553c303b693164c34dc12f34b31bdf
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>The global impact of Sacco and Vanzetti</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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<strong><em>The Story of a Proletarian Life.</em> Boston: Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee, 1924.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
Translated from the Italian by Eugene Lyons, who wrote (and translated into Italian) <em>Vita e morte di Sacco e Vanzetti</em>, also in the collection in both its English original and Italian translation. It contains a forward by Alice Stone Blackwell and an appreciation by Upton Sinclair.<br /><br />This is one of the few English-language works in the collection, included both because it was originally written in Italian and translated here, but also because of the centrality of the Sacco and Vanzetti arrest, trial and execution in Italian American history in general and of anarchism in particular. <br /><br />The execution of these two immigrants was an event that caused a mixture of anger, repression and denial in that community. It is perhaps more responsible than any event - other than the passage of time - for the diminishment of radical political activity in the immigrant Italian American community, and for hastening its disconnection from the Italian language.
Creator
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Bartolomeo Vanzetti
Publisher
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Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1924
Format
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22 x 15cm; 24 p.
Language
A language of the resource
English
1921-1930
Boston
Eugene Lyons
Italian original
Sacco and Vanzetti
translated
Upton Sinclair
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23e3b6f1a69f8a3905c20788af9c274c
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2bcb904a532363cba023dfd3d7e3e990
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Dublin Core
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Title
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<strong><em>Scissione e nuovo schieramento nel campo sindacale mondiale</em></strong> [Split and new alliance in the world-wide syndicalist camp]. <strong>New York: American Federation of Labor, International Labor Relations Committee, 1949.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
<p>This 16-page pamphlet is a republication of a magazine article, that is, "Ripubblicato, in seguito a speciale autorizzazione, dal numero di gennaio 1949 de FOREIGN AFFAIRS, rivista americana trimestrale, 58 East 68th Street, New York [Republished, following special authorization, from the number of January 1949 of FOREIGN AFFAIRS, triannual American review, 58 East 68th Street, New York]."<br /><br />A long history of the relationship between the International Ladies Garments Workers Union (ILGWU) and the Italian left, with shifting alliances, precedes this 1949 work.<br /><br />In years past, the ILGWU, of which author David Dubinsky was president in the 1940s, had an uneasy historical relationship with Italian syndicalists who were also anti-fascist, as well as with Italian communists. <br /><br />One of the ILGWU's more influential leaders then was Luigi Antonini, born in Avellino (Campagna), who was then head of the famous Local 89.<br /><br />The split took place because many of its members dissented over the use of violence and, above all, because of the presence of communists. <br /><br />Going back to the 1920's, because the socialists considered the Anti-Fascist Alliance domineering under Carlo Tresca, in February 1927 they broke off from AFANA and founded the Anti-Fascist Federation of North America for the Freedom of Italy. <br /><br />Note that there was yet another spinoff from AFANA - the Anti-Fascist United Front, which in 1933 published a handbill in the Collection, <em>Athos Terzani, Facing trial for murder on the false story of "General" Art J. Smith of the Khaki Shirts, will put his case before the people of Philadelphia at a Mass Meeting Friday, November 24, at 8 P.M.</em><br /><br />Also in the collection is a 1942 work, <em>DRESSMAKERS ITALIANI, volete che la nostra Locale 89 sia la piu forte e la piu nita della I.L.G.W.U.? Votate per il "leadership" di Luigi Antonini!</em> [ITALIAN DRESSMAKERS, do you want our Local 89 to be the strongest and sharpest of the ILGWU? Then vote for the leadership of Luigi Antonini!], in which Cacchione issues support for Antonini as head of Local 89 of the ILGWU. <br /><br />But only two years later, in 1944, in <em>La verità su Luigi Antonini </em>[The Truth about Luigi Antonini]. Brooklyn: Peter V. Cacchione Association, 1944, q.v., Cacchione criticizes Antonini for treating his union members badly, hypocritically (according to Cacchione) decreeing the lack of democracy around the world while he doesn't abide by democracy's rules in running his union <br /><br />The split discussed in the present work carried over from some of the same issues from many years before - support or not of communists among the ranks - but took place, of course, with the backdrop of the end of World War II and the different as well as continuing issues relating to support of or opposition to the Stalinist Soviet Union despite its membership in the Allies during the war, and the anti-communist hysteria in the U.S. that was soon to follow.</p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
David Dubinsky
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
American Federation of Labor, International Labor Relations Committee
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1949
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
21.5 x 14cm; 16 p.
1941-1950
AFL (American Federation of Labor)
English original
New York
syndicalist
translated
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a4c25f043028a7c6801825e0913c11fe
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1675ca7ab8d887ac400e1cb7bab1035b
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives III: Fascists and anti-fascists</em>
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Anti-Fascist movement embraced diverse leftists, including Carlo Tresca, as noted above. Opposition to Mussolini from the left was reflected by activities of the Anti-Fascist Alliance of North America, which formed common ground for anarchists, socialists/syndicalists and communists to temporarily set aside their differences and unite against fascist oppression. Gone, at least temporarily, were the debates about proper philosophy of the left: the goal was to unite in order to defeat fascism.<br /><br />As for fascism itself, its roots were in the nationalist fervor stoked by Italy’s late 19<sup>th</sup> and early 20<sup>th</sup> century imperialist ventures in Africa, which are reflected in several items in the collection. Fascism itself<span>, with its </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_radicalism">radical</a><span> nationalist agenda, </span>came to prominence in the first quarter of 20th-century Europe, originating in Italy during<span> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I">World War I</a>. Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party, a right-wing organization which launched a campaign of terrorism and intimidation against its leftist opponents, and forced the king in 1922 to name him the Prime Minister as a result of the fascists’ show of force in the March on Rome. </p>
<p>In America, active fascist supporters started two magazines that vied for primacy with Mussolini as instruments of the Fascist Party in America. Agostino de Biasi’s <em>Il Carroccio</em>, (The Chariot) was published from 1915 until 1935 - most years of the magazine are in the collection - with a circulation of about 10,000–12,000, long-lived initially but ultimately with a circulation of only about one-third of Domenico Trombetta’s far more militant <em>Il Grido della Stirpe</em> (The Cry of the Race), which became the largest circulation pro-fascist periodical at about 30,000 at its height in the mid-late 1920s, dropping to about 5,000 in the late 1930s as Italian Americans soured on Mussolini.</p>
<p>Mussolini also promoted teaching the Italian language to Italian American schoolchildren, reflected in several items in the collection.</p>
<p>Both fascist and therefore anti-fascist activities were not confined to New York, Chicago and other big cities. By the early 1920s, Fascist Party cells in the United States were present in Buffalo, Albany, Rochester and Syracuse.</p>
<p> </p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
This section of the collection reflects tensions between fascists and anti-fascists. But the anti-fascist movement in the U.S. among Italians and others had far less to fear from Mussolini than did such dissidents in Italy itself. Savage portrayals and caricatures of Mussolini and of fascism are fully reflected in the collection.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em><strong>Mussolini en chemise</strong></em> [Mussolini in a Nightshirt]. <strong>Paris: Editions Rieder, 1932.</strong>
Publisher
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Editions Rieder
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1932
Format
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18 x 12.5cm; 241 p.
Language
A language of the resource
French
Description
An account of the resource
<p>This is the French translation of <em>Mussolini in camicia</em>, a 1927 publication in Italian in New York, q.v., that was known and admired enough to receive this French translation, and subsequently, translations into Dutch (<em>Mussolini in zijn hemd</em>, 1933), q.v., and into English in London (<em>Mussolini Red and Black</em>, 1935), q.v., based on this French translation rather than the Italian original. It then returned to New York to be published in the British translation (<em>Mussolini Red and Black</em>, 1938, published by the Freie Arbeiter Stimme), q.v. I have not found that the <i>Fraye arbeṭer shṭime </i>(the <i>Free Labor Voice</i>), the Yiddish language New York-based anarchist newspaper (with a publishing arm), published any other Italians.</p>
<p>This is purportedly number 4 of 20 copies that were not put in commerce (HC or "hors commerce"), printed on Alfa mousses des papeteries de Navarre, as indicated on the verso of the title page. I say "purportedly" because in November or December 2021, I saw a copy for sale of this French edition also claiming to be No. 4 of 20 copies <em>hors commerce</em>.<br /><br />The collection now has copies of all editions of this important work: the Italian original, and English, French and Dutch translations. It could of course not be published in Italian in Italy until after the war, q.v. the 1947 and 1961 Italian editions.</p>
<p>Borghi escaped Italy in time to avoid being imprisoned or murdered as an enemy of the fascist government for his heretical views of Mussolini. Had he not been able to first publish this work as written, in Italian, in New York, it might never have appeared in Italian, probably a prerequisite to translation into three other languages, and thus contribute to an international disenchantment with Mussolini. </p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Armando Borghi
1931-1940
anarchist
Armando Borghi
Italian original
Paris
Rieder
translated
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cd26cfad7ab63faf684dea537706059d
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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<strong><em>Max Stirner: un refrattario</em></strong> [Max Stirner: a Recalcitrant]. <strong>East Boston: Biblioteca del Gruppo Autonomo, 1914.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
Roudine wrote this work in his native French, and published it in a bi-weekly periodical in 1911 directed by Henri Fabre in Paris. <br /><br />Max Stirner appeared in Italian first in issues of <em>La Cronaca Sovversiva</em> between January and April of that year, translated by Luigi Galleani, and was then published in book form in 1914 in East Boston. <br /><br />This work concerns the philosophy and work of Stirner, a leading “recalcitrant” (a refractory, unwilling individual, disobedient to authority) German individualist and anti-organizationalist anarchist.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Victor Roudine
Publisher
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Biblioteca del Gruppo Autonomo
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1914
Format
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21.5 x 11.5cm; 58 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
English
1911-1920
anarchist-antiorganizational
East Boston
French original
Gruppo Autonomo
Luigi Galleani
translated
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784995f7acc8205538d4a27aef7eaf21
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db4a48fd3ea7e2c0695213d6136fd991
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
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Title
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<em><strong>Le idee chiare destano le oscure</strong></em> [Clear Ideas Provoke Obscure Ones]. <strong>The Bronx: Bronx Italian American Press, [n.d.]</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
A philosophical work analyzing the "problem" of anarchism, noting that it's not political or economic, but rather ethical, psychological and educational, with Emmanuel Kant, Frederick Nietsche, and Max Stirner discussed just in the first few pages. <br /><br />There are many publishing claimants for this work: "Edito dal gruppo 'Luce'" on verso of title page; "Morgillo Press 305 E. 115th St. New York" stamped upside down obscuring the printed "Bronx Italian American Press"; on rear cover, "send orders with expected imports to Casa editrice 'Luce', 319 E. 151st St."<br /><br />N. Morgillo was the publisher of works as early as 1909 (<em>La via del Paradiso</em>) and as late as 1951 (<em>Ricciardiana</em>), either under his own name or under the name of Eloquent Press.<br /><br />I have found nothing about Rowackisex or the Gruppo "Luce."
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
M. Rowackisex
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Bronx Italian American Press
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[n.d.]
Format
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20 x 15cm; 16 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
anarchist
Bronx
Morgillo
philosophical
translated
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cb1e203e9c7aece73e64a66b8cc041b7
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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<strong><em>La responsabilità e la solidarietà nella lotta operaia: rapporto letto alla "Freedom Discussion Group" il 5 dicembre 1899</em></strong> [Responsibility and Solidarity in the Workers' Struggle: report read to the "Freedom Discussion Group," December 5, 1899]. <strong>Barre: Casa ed. L'Azione, 1913.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
Biblioteca di Propaganda Rivoluzionaria. A short report written by German anarchist Max Nettlau. It was published by the book arm of <em>L’Azione</em>, a critical weekly of revolutionary propaganda based in Barre, VT, where Luigi Galleani settled after postal authorities made it too "hot" for him to remain in Newark or East Boston.<br /><p>Max Heinrich Hermann Reinhardt Nettlau<span> (b.</span> 1865 – d. 1944) was a German anarchist and historian. Raised in Vienna, he lived there until the <em>anschluss</em> to Nazi Germany in 1938. Nettlau retained his Prussian (later German) nationality throughout his life. A student of the Welsh language, he spent time in London where he joined the Socialist League and met<span> William Morris, and</span> anarchists such as<span> Errico Malatesta and Peter Kropotkin, with</span><span> </span>whom he remained in contact for the rest of his life. </p>
<p>In the 1890s, realizing that a generation of socialist and anarchist militants from the mid-19th century was passing away and their archives of writings and correspondence being destroyed, he concentrated his efforts and a recent modest inheritance from his father on acquiring and rescuing such collections from destruction. (Much of that collection made its way in the 1930s to the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam.) He also made many interviews of veteran militants for posterity. <br /><br />Nettlau wrote biographies of many famous anarchists, including Mikhail Bakunin and Élisée Reclus, as well as one of Errico Malatesta, q.v., published by <em>Il Martello</em> in New York in 1922. He also wrote a seven-volume history of anarchism.</p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Max Nettlau
Publisher
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Casa ed. L'Azione
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1913
Format
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20 x 11.5cm; 21 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1911-1920
anarchist
Barre VT
Errico Malatesta
German original
Il Martello
L'Azione
Max Nettlau
newspaper press
political
socialist
translated
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8f2b44e711ccc6cbc88878d743ed2444
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Imaginative literature of the great migration: Fiction, poetry, drama, music, and art in books, magazines, and other works on paper</em>
Description
An account of the resource
During this period fiction, poetry and drama ranged from the sensational urban “mysteries” of Bernardino Ciambelli (never translated into English) to the arguably more literary and certainly more political fiction of Ezio Taddei. Unlike most of the others, Taddei enjoyed a significant, however brief, success in American intellectual circles, with English translations of most of his American works. Illustrations, such as those by Costantino Nivola (the first non-American admitted to the American Academy of Arts and Letters) in <em>Parole Colletive</em>, matched the sophistication of Taddei’s writing. Poetry was written largely in dialect rather than the standard Italian used by the novelists, could be found in the poetry, of Calicchiu Pucciu, or Francesco Sisca. Drama, more than the other genres, was largely though not exclusively devoted to political education, and was often the central entertainment of May Day picnics of Italian leftists consisting of performances of the plays of Gigi Damiani or other dramatists, discussed in Section VII. <br /><br />Italian American theatre began in New York in the 1870s. Theatre filled important emotional needs -- entertainment, a support system and social intercourse, supported by a network of fraternal and benevolent associations. Italian and European writers were introduced to immigrant audiences, whether in Italian, Neapolitan, Sicilian or other dialects. The Italian American experience furnished the subject matter for original plays written by Italian immigrant playwrights. <br /><br />Among them, Eduardo Migliaccio, known as Farfariello, who appears in one of the playbills advertising his performance here, made the Italian American immigrant the hero of his dramatic creations. Riccardo Cordiferro, several of whose play scripts appear here, concerned himself in his plays, as in his philosophical writings, with the social conditions of the Italian immigrant, and was less action-oriented than, say, the hard-core work of the <em>sovversivi</em>. Women in the theatre, like Ria Rosa, whose playbills appear here, enjoyed freedom and an outlet for creativity not available to women who played out their lives in traditional domestic roles. Antonio Maiori introduced Shakespeare to his immigrant audiences in his southern Italian dialect productions. <br /><br />Guglielmo Ricciardi, whose later memoirs appear in the collection, originated Italian American theatre in Brooklyn, and went on to a successful career in American theatre and cinema. Magazines reflected the politics of the publishers to a greater or lesser extent, whether of the nationalist (and later Fascist) <em>Il Carroccio</em>, or Arturo Giovannitti’s literary but also politically leftist <em>Vita</em>, Vincenzo Vacirca’s <em>Il Solco</em>, Ernesto Vallentini’s socialist <em>Zarathustra</em>, or Enrico Arrigoni’s anarchist-individualist <em>Eresia</em>, all of which are reflected in the collection. <br /><br />The generically (and gently) leftist and anti-clerical <em>La Follia di New York</em> was was one of the earliest, in the 1890s, begun by the Sisca family (of whom Alessandro, pen name Riccardo Cordiferro, was the most celebrated), and was perhaps the single longest-lived magazine published in Italian in the U.S. <br /><br />Cordiferro’s brother, Marziale Sisca, packaged the caricatures of the charismatic Enrico Caruso that adorned the pages of <em>La Follia</em> into a book that went through many editions, beginning in 1908 and continuing with an edition as late as 1965, which suggests that it financially sustained <em>La Follia</em>. <br /><br />Evidence of widespread cultural influence may be found in publications which included letters from enthusiastic readers or reviewers preceding or following the work itself, much like today’s review blurbs, and also lists of subscribers from around the entire country.
Subject
The topic of the resource
While the amount of political literature (anarchist, socialist, fascist) in the collection suggests its prevalence in the Italian American community, it might well be the great survival rate of those materials that's responsible. <br /><br />The non-political imaginative literature created in Italian by the Italian community in the U.S., richer in wildly varying qualities, philosophies and interests than the political literature perhaps, provide a three-dimensional view of the Italian community.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<strong><em>Dramas.</em> New York: York Printing Co., 1909.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
Flamma's signature is on the copyright page: "This edition is limited to One Thousand copies, each bearing Author's Autograph." One of his volumes of <em>Dramas</em> was issued in New York, in 1909, in a luxurious edition enriched by a letter (little more than a note) from Anatole France, by a note by Prince Trubetzkoy, and a preface in which Felix Rem states that the author “is a keen observer and analyzer of human nature and of the problems which excite the present society.” <br /><br />The book contains three one-act plays, translated into English: <em>The Queen’s Castle</em>, a philosophical work that “reveals the artificial foundation upon which society has lived and still adheres, and points out very clearly why real happiness is not attainable in our life-time”; <em>Don Luca Sperante</em> (1906), “a vivid portrait of Sicilian character and customs”; <em>The Stranger</em> (1908), the story of an old man forgotten in the world, like an autumnal leaf. <br /><br />Other dramas by Fiamma are: <em>Piccole anime</em> (Little Souls), in three acts (New York 1912), a middle-class story set in the environs of Milan; <em>La maschera di Amleto</em> (Hamlet’s Mask), 1922, a play in three acts; <em>Dopo la guerra</em> (After the War), 1923); <em>La potenza</em> (Power), 1926; <em>Gli ebrei</em> (The Jews); <em>Suor Maddalena</em> (Sister Magdalene), in three acts; and the one-act <em>All’ ombra della croce</em> (In the Shadow of the Cross).
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ario Flamma
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
York Printing Co.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1909
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
24 x 16.5cm; 318 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1901-1910
Ario Flamma
drama
Italian and English
New York
signed
translated
York Printing
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03ee0f444df4924a4d74cc0bedc14482
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
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Title
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<strong><em>L'impostura religiosa: la chiesa: Prima traduzione dal francese </em></strong>[Religious Deception: the Church: first translation from the French].<strong> New York: Casa Ed. "Il Martello", 1925</strong>.
Description
An account of the resource
With a preface by Giuseppe Altieri, who is perhaps also the translator from French, although nothing in Altieri's preface suggests as much. There is no other information about the translator in the book.<br /><br />Sébastien Faure was a French anarchist, secularist (i.e., anti-clerical) and free-thought activist and proponent of synthesis anarchism (1858-1942). He engaged in politics as a socialist before becoming an anarchist in 1888. He wrote and lectured widely on the importance of the physical, intellectual and moral development of the individual.<br /><br />I find no evidence that the translation into Italian and publication by Carlo Tresca's <em>Il Martello</em> press resulted from any visit to the U.S. by Faure.
Creator
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Sébastien Faure
Publisher
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Casa Ed. "Il Martello"
Date
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1925
Format
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19 x 13cm; 218 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
anarchist-individual
anti-clerical
French original
Il Martello
New York
newspaper press
Sebastien Faure
translated
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a8d480022ca3592a8f1c30e3674a6915
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
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Title
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<em><strong>L'I.W.W. nella teoria e nella pratica </strong></em>[The I.W.W. in Theory and Practice].<strong> Chicago: Ed. a cura della Industrial Workers of the World, [c. 1922].</strong>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Justus Ebert
Description
An account of the resource
The English language original of this 1920 work remains in print in a fifth edition. It has been translated into 8 languages. This translation from the English-language original was intended to reach an Italian-language-only audience of workers who could help swell the ranks of the Wobblies.<br /><br />Justus Ebert (b. 1869) was the author, in English, of several works translated into Italian, in the collection.
Publisher
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Ed. a cura della Industrial Workers of the World
Date
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[c. 1922]
Format
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19 x 13.5cm; 122 p.
Language
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Italian
1921-1930
Chicago
English original
I.W.W.
political
propaganda
translated
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b5e16f66dacc5b843e517841d5b8cf11
Dublin Core
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Title
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<em>Guides, rulebooks, domestic aids, "keys", model speeches, and letters, for the protection of Italians and to enable them to become Americans</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
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Title
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<strong><em>Segretario amoroso italiano-inglese </em></strong>[Romantic Secretary (Italian-English)]. <strong>New York: Italian Book Company, 1945.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
The "secretary" like this one, filled with "model" business and social letters in both Italian and English, was surely a best seller for the Italian Book Company - Società Libraria Italiana: witness the variety of such works just by the IBC alone. For example, De Martino also wrote (with Violetta Sironi) a <em>Segretario speciale per la corrispondenza delle madri, spose, fidanzati con i figli, mariti, fidanzati in italiano</em>. <br /><br />Note the clothing worn by the lovers on the cover of the book, obviously a far cry from the clothing immigrants or indeed any Americans ever wore in the 20th or even 19th century. For an excellent discussion of the long tradition in Italy of such works that Italian American publishers followed, see Mary Anne Trasciatti, "Letter Writing in an Italian Immigrant Community: A Transatlantic Tradition," <em>Rhetoric Society Quarterly</em>, 39.1 (Jan. 2009), 73-94. Immigrant Italians struggling to learn both standard Italian as well as English were surely in the greatest need of such aids. Although the quality of the English versions of the letters is uneven, to put it charitably, one must remember the residual oral society from which most of the immigrants came.<br /><br />Note the advertisement, which appears on the back cover, for another IBC work, <em>The Amorous Adventures of Casanova: </em>Italian men in New York could thereby be encouraged to believe they too could have "amorous adventures" like Casanova if only they knew how to write letters such as appeared in the <em>Segretario amoroso italiano-inglese </em>as a result of buying and deploying the tools provided by that book!
Creator
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Antonio De Martino
R. Pucelli, trans.
Publisher
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Italian Book Company
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1945
Format
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21 x 13.5cm; 96 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1941-1950
Italian Book Company - Società Libraria Italiana
New York
secretary
self-help
translated
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3e9d7891dd7a6841166915149582b5d2
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives II: Anarchists (all types), socialists, syndicalists, communists, anti-clericals</em>
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<strong><em>Monolandia: il paese dove la libertà fu sepolta</em> </strong>[Monolandia: the Country where Liberty was Buried]<em>.</em><strong> [Bronx]: [n.p.], [n.d.]</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
Self-published; printed from typescript (and perfect bound) by the anarchist-individualist author, who lived in the U.S. illegally from 1924 until his death in 1986, and who wrote under a number of pseudonyms, including Frank Brand (see Avrich, <em>Anarchist Voices</em>, for a lengthy interview under that name) and Harry Goni (a version of "Arrigoni").
<p>There is no stated date or place of publication, but the look and feel (and binding) of the volume dates it to the 1970s or 1980s in the U.S.<br /><br />Some OCLC records are (improperly) catalogued only under the cover title, “Avventure nel paese dei monoliti,” rather than (correctly) from the title page. </p>
As is evident from the bracketing, I only make an educated guess that it was printed in the Bronx, where Arrigoni mostly lived in the last few decades of his life. <br /><br />Without any evidence in the physical work that I can see, the four or five Italian libraries that have a copy situate the place of publication as in Italy, rather than in the U.S. This seems improbable. Though he lived in the U.S. for more than 60 years illegally - and thus "officially" did not live in the U.S. - , there is no evidence of a surreptitious trip to Italy to meet with a publisher, which would have made it virtually impossible to return to the U.S., given his illegal status. Of course, he could have simply mailed the manuscript to a foreign publisher, but I suspect he was away from Italy for too long for him to have maintained contact, especially given the <em>sub rosa</em> nature of his activities.<br /><br />Arrigoni wrote in English and Spanish, as well as Italian, for anarchist journals. He started and directed <em>Eresia</em>, a magazine, q.v. He considered communists to be a greater menace to human liberty than any other political group. This work, like several of his others, condemns centralized authority in all its forms. Arrigoni was a long-time member of the Libertarian Book Club, which published an English-langauge version of the book.<br /><br />The Avrich entry is detailed; it's clear Arrigoni was a one of a kind to whom Avrich wanted to give wide berth in detailing his rich and varied history and his more than average or obvious observations.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Enrico Arrigoni
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
[n.p.]
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[n.d.]
Format
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21 x 13cm; 292 p.
Language
A language of the resource
Italian
1971-1990
anarchist-individual
anti-communist
autobiography
Avrich
Bronx
Enrico Arrigoni (Frank Brand)
Eresia
self-published
translated
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885c3002ff0282894cd4a34a5903cfc4
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Political subversives I: The bibliographic travels of Luigi Galleani and Armando Borghi</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Consistent with their travels to speak with their "disciples" and the international nature of anarchism, these two leaders, Galleani and Borghi, also published in a wide variety of places in the U.S., Italy and elsewhere. Doing so was often a function of evading crackdowns on subversives by U.S. postal authorities, or in Borghi's case, avoiding being imprisoned and possibly killed in Italy during the Mussolini years, when publishers, printers and authors all lived in fear.
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Luigi Galleani</em> <br /><br />Galleani was one of the anarchist movement’s most eloquent writers and spellbinding orators, heir to the great Errico Malatesta in Italy and elsewhere, a political agitator and charismatic anarchist leader, and a prolific political publisher. <br /><br />Mentor to Sacco and Vanzetti, the peripatetic Galleani was born in Italy, and lived in various venues in the U.S. from 1901 until he was deported back to Italy in 1919. He first settled in Paterson, New Jersey in 1901 to be the editor of the then-most important anarchist journal, <em>La Questione Sociale</em>. <span style="font-weight:400;">Then, after starting the newspaper </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">[Subversive Chronicle] </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">in 1903, he moved to Lynn, Mass. (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Madri d’Italia</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">, under the pseudonym Mentana), until the postmaster in Lynn refused to mail </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> and his books, at which time he repaired to Barre, Vermont (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Verso il comunismo</span></i>, among other examples of publications from that venue). <br /><br />He was prosecuted for violating anti-leftist laws, especially the 1918 Anarchist Exclusion Act. This act, which permitted the government to shut down publication of the Cronaca Sovversiva in that year (and deport Galleani and other editors of the newspaper subsequently), had been passed by Congress largely in response to the bombings that Galleani incited his followers to undertake (see his <em>Faccia a faccia col nemico</em>) through his publications as well as his personal direction: he even published a manual on how to make bombs (“La salute è in voi!” [Your salvation is up to you!]). <br /><br />Galleani’s deportation in 1919 arose as much from his newspaper and pamphlet publications that were themselves regarded by the authorities as incitements to violence, as it did from his actual and attempted bombings. He and his followers of the individualist school of anarchism were wary of not only electoral politics but also of syndicalism, i.e., the use of trade unions to bring industry and government under the control by direct action, such as strikes and sabotage, the preferred methods of Carlo Tresca, among others. Because of these doctrinal differences, as well as Tresca’s immense personal charm and popularity, Galleani’s followers were even more determined to destroy the reputation and thus the effectiveness of Tresca, despite the anti-fascist views they shared in the 1920s and 1930s. <br /><br />Like his unlikely ally Armando Borghi, Galleani was internationally well known, so that even his deportation from the U.S. hardly put a stop to his influence. <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em> (The Gathering of the Recalcitrants) became the successor newspaper to <em>La Cronaca Sovversiva</em> after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, begun and run by his followers in the U.S. after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, and edited by Raffaele Schiavina. Its publishing arm released many full-length works (typically, collections of shorter pieces) like those exhibited here, as well as pamphlets, sometimes without Galleani’s authorization, due to his being unreachable in exile on the island of Lipari. <br /><br /><em>L’Adunata</em> also published Galleani in Europe, e.g., in Rome as late as 1947, often using the same printer’s mark (a mermaid-like torchbearer) he used in the earliest of his works. The international character of the movement had long been clear: in one work, readers of an Italian-language edition of <em>Organizzazione e anarchia</em>, published in Paris (by L. Chauvet) sometime after 1925, are urged in a message in the inside rear cover to buy a copy of Galleani’s <em>La fine dell’anarchismo?</em>, published in the United States (Newark) in 1925. <br /><br /><em>Armando Borghi</em><br /><br />Armando Borghi’s unflattering biography of Mussolini (<em>Mussolini in camicia</em>) was too dangerous to be released in Italy: after Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922, publishing a work criticizing Mussolini soon became impossible. Simply for speaking in the Italian Parliament in June 1924 against fraud (and violence) employed by Mussolini in the recent election, United Socialist Party chief Giacomo Matteotti was within days thereafter murdered by the fascists, a politically explosive development that became a rallying cry of anti-fascists for many years. <br /><br />In 1925, measures that gave the government powers to gag the press were passed. Emergency laws in 1926 suppressed every political party and every newspaper other than those of the fascists. It was in that context that anarcho-syndicalist Borghi arrived in the U.S. in or about November 1926, where he was joined by his lover, Virgilia D’Andrea (see her works in the collection). Shortly thereafter, in 1927 he published <em>Mussolini in camicia</em> in Italian in the only safe place to do so at the time, New York. This work became internationally popular, was translated into French and published in Paris (1932), in Amsterdam in Dutch (1933) - the collection has recently (in 2021) acquired a Dutch copy - , and then translated into English from the French edition, not the Italian original, and published in London (1935). <br /><br /><em>Mussolini in camicia</em> was again published to America, but in English, in 1938 using the same British translation, and was not published in Italy until 1947, not long after the war’s end and Mussolini’s execution. In Italy, Borghi ranked second only to the legendary Errico Malatesta as its most important anarchist, so that when he arrived in the U.S., Borghi expected to be the foremost Italian anarchist there (Galleani having been deported some years before). <br /><br />However, Carlo Tresca, director of <em>Il Martello</em>, who as a fellow “organization” anarchist might otherwise have been his natural ally, was in the way, and Borghi surprisingly thus aligned himself with the anti-organizational anarchist Galleanisti and their <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, a move that he eventually came to regret. Like the Galleanisti, Borghi attacked Tresca not only on ideological grounds but also on personal ones.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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<strong><em>Mussolini Red and Black</em>. New York: Freie Arbeiter Stimme, 1938.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
For a full description of this work and its significance, see the description of it in the entry for the 1927 edition (published in New York) of <em>Mussolini in camicia, </em>q.v. <br /><br />It took 11 years for Borghi's work to return in translation to New York, where it had been published in Italian initially, and in between, in French, Dutch and English (in London) versions.<br /><br />Note that this is the same translation by Dorothy Daudley as appeared in the previously issued UK edition. As I note in that work's description, Daudley's translation was from the French translation, rather than the Italian original, which is never ideal, of course.<br /><br />Note that like the UK edition, this one contains the fanciful view expressed in the title of the Epilogue included here, "Hitler: Mussolini's Disciple."<br /><br />The Collection contains the original (and post-war) Italian language editions, as well as the French, Dutch, British and this U.S. edition. <br /><br />To be sure, an interesting research project would be to compare all editions, especially to see whether the English translation from the French translation missed anything of significance in the Italian original. In addition, it would be interesting to see if the post-war editions published in Italy follow - as one hopes - the italian original rather than being a translation either from the English or French versions.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Armando Borghi
Publisher
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Freie Arbeiter Stimme
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1938
Format
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18.5 x 13.5cm; 207 p.
Language
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English
1931-1940
anarchist
anti-fascist
Armando Borghi
biography
Mussolini
New York
translated
-
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ddbc84b5c1465cf72a3d13a66ff5f0b0
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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<em>Political subversives I: The bibliographic travels of Luigi Galleani and Armando Borghi</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Consistent with their travels to speak with their "disciples" and the international nature of anarchism, these two leaders, Galleani and Borghi, also published in a wide variety of places in the U.S., Italy and elsewhere. Doing so was often a function of evading crackdowns on subversives by U.S. postal authorities, or in Borghi's case, avoiding being imprisoned and possibly killed in Italy during the Mussolini years, when publishers, printers and authors all lived in fear.
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Luigi Galleani</em> <br /><br />Galleani was one of the anarchist movement’s most eloquent writers and spellbinding orators, heir to the great Errico Malatesta in Italy and elsewhere, a political agitator and charismatic anarchist leader, and a prolific political publisher. <br /><br />Mentor to Sacco and Vanzetti, the peripatetic Galleani was born in Italy, and lived in various venues in the U.S. from 1901 until he was deported back to Italy in 1919. He first settled in Paterson, New Jersey in 1901 to be the editor of the then-most important anarchist journal, <em>La Questione Sociale</em>. <span style="font-weight:400;">Then, after starting the newspaper </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">[Subversive Chronicle] </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">in 1903, he moved to Lynn, Mass. (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Madri d’Italia</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">, under the pseudonym Mentana), until the postmaster in Lynn refused to mail </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cronaca Sovversiva</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> and his books, at which time he repaired to Barre, Vermont (see his </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Verso il comunismo</span></i>, among other examples of publications from that venue). <br /><br />He was prosecuted for violating anti-leftist laws, especially the 1918 Anarchist Exclusion Act. This act, which permitted the government to shut down publication of the Cronaca Sovversiva in that year (and deport Galleani and other editors of the newspaper subsequently), had been passed by Congress largely in response to the bombings that Galleani incited his followers to undertake (see his <em>Faccia a faccia col nemico</em>) through his publications as well as his personal direction: he even published a manual on how to make bombs (“La salute è in voi!” [Your salvation is up to you!]). <br /><br />Galleani’s deportation in 1919 arose as much from his newspaper and pamphlet publications that were themselves regarded by the authorities as incitements to violence, as it did from his actual and attempted bombings. He and his followers of the individualist school of anarchism were wary of not only electoral politics but also of syndicalism, i.e., the use of trade unions to bring industry and government under the control by direct action, such as strikes and sabotage, the preferred methods of Carlo Tresca, among others. Because of these doctrinal differences, as well as Tresca’s immense personal charm and popularity, Galleani’s followers were even more determined to destroy the reputation and thus the effectiveness of Tresca, despite the anti-fascist views they shared in the 1920s and 1930s. <br /><br />Like his unlikely ally Armando Borghi, Galleani was internationally well known, so that even his deportation from the U.S. hardly put a stop to his influence. <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em> (The Gathering of the Recalcitrants) became the successor newspaper to <em>La Cronaca Sovversiva</em> after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, begun and run by his followers in the U.S. after Galleani’s deportation in 1919, and edited by Raffaele Schiavina. Its publishing arm released many full-length works (typically, collections of shorter pieces) like those exhibited here, as well as pamphlets, sometimes without Galleani’s authorization, due to his being unreachable in exile on the island of Lipari. <br /><br /><em>L’Adunata</em> also published Galleani in Europe, e.g., in Rome as late as 1947, often using the same printer’s mark (a mermaid-like torchbearer) he used in the earliest of his works. The international character of the movement had long been clear: in one work, readers of an Italian-language edition of <em>Organizzazione e anarchia</em>, published in Paris (by L. Chauvet) sometime after 1925, are urged in a message in the inside rear cover to buy a copy of Galleani’s <em>La fine dell’anarchismo?</em>, published in the United States (Newark) in 1925. <br /><br /><em>Armando Borghi</em><br /><br />Armando Borghi’s unflattering biography of Mussolini (<em>Mussolini in camicia</em>) was too dangerous to be released in Italy: after Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922, publishing a work criticizing Mussolini soon became impossible. Simply for speaking in the Italian Parliament in June 1924 against fraud (and violence) employed by Mussolini in the recent election, United Socialist Party chief Giacomo Matteotti was within days thereafter murdered by the fascists, a politically explosive development that became a rallying cry of anti-fascists for many years. <br /><br />In 1925, measures that gave the government powers to gag the press were passed. Emergency laws in 1926 suppressed every political party and every newspaper other than those of the fascists. It was in that context that anarcho-syndicalist Borghi arrived in the U.S. in or about November 1926, where he was joined by his lover, Virgilia D’Andrea (see her works in the collection). Shortly thereafter, in 1927 he published <em>Mussolini in camicia</em> in Italian in the only safe place to do so at the time, New York. This work became internationally popular, was translated into French and published in Paris (1932), in Amsterdam in Dutch (1933) - the collection has recently (in 2021) acquired a Dutch copy - , and then translated into English from the French edition, not the Italian original, and published in London (1935). <br /><br /><em>Mussolini in camicia</em> was again published to America, but in English, in 1938 using the same British translation, and was not published in Italy until 1947, not long after the war’s end and Mussolini’s execution. In Italy, Borghi ranked second only to the legendary Errico Malatesta as its most important anarchist, so that when he arrived in the U.S., Borghi expected to be the foremost Italian anarchist there (Galleani having been deported some years before). <br /><br />However, Carlo Tresca, director of <em>Il Martello</em>, who as a fellow “organization” anarchist might otherwise have been his natural ally, was in the way, and Borghi surprisingly thus aligned himself with the anti-organizational anarchist Galleanisti and their <em>L’Adunata dei Refrattari</em>, a move that he eventually came to regret. Like the Galleanisti, Borghi attacked Tresca not only on ideological grounds but also on personal ones.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<strong><em>Mussolini Red and Black.</em> London: Wishart Books Limited, 1935.</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
Note that his translation by Dorothy Daudley is from the 1932 French edition (<em>Mussolini en chemise</em>, q.v.), rather than the Italian original of 1927 in New York. <br /><br />This edition also includes an Epilogue (fancifully entitled "Hitler: Mussolini's Disciple") that is not in the original Italian version.<br /><br />See the description of the 1927 Italian original (published in New York, the only place then safe for it to be published), <em>Mussolini in camicia</em>, for a biographical sketch of Borghi as well as the multi-national, multi-lingual journey of this work over several decades.<br /><br />As for information about Wishart Books, we find that Lawrence Wishart currently publishes "critical left ideas on politics and culture since 1936," but that is a year after this publication.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Armando Borghi
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Wishart Books Limited
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1935
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
19 x 13 cm; 189 p.
Language
A language of the resource
English
1931-1940
anarchist
Armando Borghi
London
Mussolini
translated