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Dublin Core
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Title
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<em>Political subversives IV: Arturo Giovannitti, Carlo Tresca, and their circles</em>
Description
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Arturo Giovannitti immigrated to Montreal at the age of 17, where he became a Protestant pastor. He then moved to Pennsylvania, preaching mostly to miners. He later left the church to join the labor movement after becoming interested in socialist ideas. Participating in the great Bread and Roses strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1912, Giovannitti was accused falsely of the homicide of striker Anna Lo Pizzo, and arrested, along with Joseph Ettor and Joseph Caruso. Speaking in his defense while on trial in Salem, he delivered a legendary apologia in English that was subsequently published in both English and Italian under the title “The Walker,” further establishing his charismatic leadership. <br /><br />After 1920, Giovannitti was among the organizers of the committee for the defense of Sacco and Vanzetti, a major leader of the anti-fascist movement, thus of the Anti-Fascist Alliance of North America (AFANA), and a member of the committee formed to push for the investigation of the assassination of his friend Carlo Tresca. A complex intellectual figure, equally comfortable in both English and Italian, Giovannitti is the rare Italian American writer who, despite the extraordinary reception accorded him within American literary culture, never abandoned the Italian community. His English-language poems were often translated into Italian as well as into Sicilian. Only his Italian-language publications are included here, including especially <em>Quando canta il gallo</em> and several issues of a gorgeous literary-political magazine, <em>Vita</em>, published beginning in 1915, a few issues of which became part of the collection only recently (2021). <br /><br />Carlo Tresca was the radical left’s most complex, fascinating character, a powerful thinker, charismatic orator and rabble rouser, ladies’ man and a warm friend who never forgot the human dimension of people whatever their politics. By the time fascism began to take serious root in Italy, Italian American radicals for the most part put aside their factionalism to join in the fight against totalitarianism. Along with Giovannitti, Tresca was one of the founding members of AFANA. <br /><br />However, Tresca’s popularity earned him a lifetime of enmity from Luigi Galleani and his followers. Tresca’s political views evolved over time from a belief in the need for a revolution to destroy the private ownership of property basic to capitalism, to grass-roots union organizing in 1905, when he became its leading Italian proponent and practitioner, to being an anarchist who nevertheless believes in organized unions or syndicates (anarcho-syndicalism) by 1913. His longest-lived newspaper was <em>Il Martello</em> [The Hammer], constantly in financial and political difficulties – for many years of its publication, he had to submit advance translations into English for the Post Office and Justice Department of each issue – and a significant book-publishing venture of the same name – Casa editrice “Il Martello.” In addition to several years of issues of <em>Il Martello</em>, and a couple of works authored by Tresca himself, the collection includes numerous publications of works by others under the Casa editrice "Il Martello" imprint.
Subject
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Giovannitti and Tresca stand out as vibrant, charismatic individuals, not unlike Galleani and Borghi but with a broader political and non-political following and personal drama to match.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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<strong><em>Chi uccise Carlo Tresca?</em></strong> [Who Killed Carlo Tresca?] <strong>New York: Tresca Memorial Committee, [1947].</strong>
Description
An account of the resource
The cover of this pamphlet (as well as the English language version, in English) notes “Con prefazioni di Arturo Giovannitti e John Dos Passos.” In the earlier (1945) English language version, also in the collection, the goal is stated: to incite readers to “stir the authorities out of their lethargy in the Tresca situation,” urging them to contact Manhattan District Aattorney Frank S. Hogan and the newly appointed police commissioner to undertake a new and independent investigation. This Italian version, issued two years after the English version, also in the Collection, lacks this exhortation at the end, probably because it was no longer timely. <br /><br />As Giovannitti asks in his preface, “Who had any reason to have Carlo murdered? . . . For this man was everybody’s friend, tutor, and counselor; he really loved everybody from the derelict and the destitute up to the teacher, the healer, even the man of affairs. . . . He was a friend of the policeman who arrested him scores of times, of the District Attorney who denounced him as an enemy of society but ate and drank at his table, the jailer who locked him up for interminable days. . . .” <br /><br />Tresca’s attacks on Mussolini were almost surely responsible for his assassination. One evening in 1943 — the same year in which Mussolini was deposed — upon leaving the office of his newspaper, <em>Il Martello</em>, in Union Square, Tresca was gunned down. The circumstances remain mysterious to this day. Some say it was on direct orders from Mussolini because of Tresca’s unrelenting polemics against him. Others, such as union leader (and leading anti-communist) Luigi Antonini, blamed the Communists, and in particular, a former Tresca colleague with whom Tresca had become disenchanted, Vittorio Vidali (known in America as Enea Sormente). The more likely culprit was the then young hitman, Carmine Galante, possibly on orders from Generoso Pope, the pro-Mussolini publisher of <em>Il Progresso Italo-Americano</em>, the largest circulation and longest-lived Italian-language daily. <br /><br />The Tresca Memorial Committee included A. Philip Randolph, Edmund Wilson and John Dewey, as well as its chair, Norman Thomas, the perennial Socialist Party candidate for president.<br /><br />This pamphlet, far more common in its English version (issued in 1945) than in this Italian one (1947), was circulated with the exhortation that “those who believe with us that political murder in the United States must not go unpunished . . . help circulate this pamphlet widely . . . we have no thought of placing the guilt in the Tresca assassination at the door of any specific organization or individual.” <br /><br />While it's not clear who assassinated Tresca, it is certainly clear that Tresca’s assassination obsessed many who loved him.
Creator
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Tresca Memorial Committee
Publisher
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Tresca Memorial Committee
Date
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[1947]
Format
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22 x 15.25cm; 31 p.
Language
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Italian
1941-1950
Arturo Giovannitti
assassination
Carlo Tresca
Il Martello
John Dos Passos
New York